[vm] Treat Future.then(..., onError:...) as catch all handler

Commit a52f2b9 which reworked awaiter stack unwinding and its
integration with debugger introduced the following regression:
it stopped treating `Future` listeners which had both `onValue`
and `onError` callbacks as catch all exception handlers. Only
listners with `onError` callback (those created with
`Future.onError`) were treated as a catch all handler.

This meant that debugger started to treat exceptions in the
code below as uncaught:

```
Future<void> foo() {
  await 0;
  throw '';
}

await foo().then(..., onError: (e, st) {

});
```

This change fixes this regression by checking if
`FutureListener.state & stateCatchError != 0` instead of
more narrow `FutureListener.state == stateCatchError` which
only detects listeners which only catch errors but do not
handle values. The new predicate matches
`FutureListener.handlesError`.

This relands 38e0046cad6149c531c00cc4f479fb14ff026514
with a fix to ensure that we correctly detect `onError`
callbacks which simply forward to a suspended async
function. We do this by marking FutureListener's that originate
from `await` using a bit in the state.

Fixes https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/53334

TEST=service/pause_on_unhandled_async_exceptions{_zones,}_test

Fixed: 53334
CoreLibraryReviewExempt: No fundamental changes to _FutureListener implementation, just additional bit to detect that this listener originates from await
Change-Id: I90385fc619cbb52925e075dd5c7b171a31ca4cab
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/323481
Commit-Queue: Slava Egorov <vegorov@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Alexander Markov <alexmarkov@google.com>

https://dart.googlesource.com/sdk/+/46ac1f653f12168991787a7605a3e4000aaa7324