benchmark/case/large.unit

// Copyright (c) 2012, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

library pub.solver.backtracking_solver;

import 'dart:async';
import 'dart:collection' show Queue;

import '../barback.dart' as barback;
import '../exceptions.dart';
import '../lock_file.dart';
import '../log.dart' as log;
import '../package.dart';
import '../pubspec.dart';
import '../sdk.dart' as sdk;
import '../source_registry.dart';
import '../source/unknown.dart';
import '../utils.dart';
import '../version.dart';
import 'dependency_queue.dart';
import 'version_queue.dart';
import 'version_solver.dart';

class HttpRequest extends $pb.GeneratedMessage {
  static final $pb.BuilderInfo _i = $pb.BuilderInfo(
      const $core.bool.fromEnvironment('protobuf.omit_message_names')
          ? ''
          : 'HttpRequest',
      package: const $pb.PackageName(
          const $core.bool.fromEnvironment('protobuf.omit_message_names')
              ? ''
              : 'google.logging.type'),
      createEmptyInstance: create)
    ..aOS(
        1,
        const $core.bool.fromEnvironment('protobuf.omit_field_names')
            ? ''
            : 'requestMethod')
    ..aOS(
        2,
        const $core.bool.fromEnvironment('protobuf.omit_field_names')
            ? ''
            : 'requestUrl')
    ..aInt64(
        3,
        const $core.bool.fromEnvironment('protobuf.omit_field_names')
            ? ''
            : 'requestSize')
    ..a<$core.int>(
        4,
        const $core.bool.fromEnvironment('protobuf.omit_field_names')
            ? ''
            : 'status',
        $pb.PbFieldType.O3)
    ..aInt64(
        5,
        const $core.bool.fromEnvironment('protobuf.omit_field_names')
            ? ''
            : 'responseSize')
    ..aOS(
        6,
        const $core.bool.fromEnvironment('protobuf.omit_field_names')
            ? ''
            : 'userAgent')
    ..aOS(
        7,
        const $core.bool.fromEnvironment('protobuf.omit_field_names')
            ? ''
            : 'remoteIp')
    ..aOS(
        8,
        const $core.bool.fromEnvironment('protobuf.omit_field_names')
            ? ''
            : 'referer')
    ..aOB(
        9,
        const $core.bool.fromEnvironment('protobuf.omit_field_names')
            ? ''
            : 'cacheHit')
    ..aOB(
        10,
        const $core.bool.fromEnvironment('protobuf.omit_field_names')
            ? ''
            : 'cacheValidatedWithOriginServer')
    ..aOB(
        11,
        const $core.bool.fromEnvironment('protobuf.omit_field_names')
            ? ''
            : 'cacheLookup')
    ..aInt64(
        12,
        const $core.bool.fromEnvironment('protobuf.omit_field_names')
            ? ''
            : 'cacheFillBytes')
    ..aOS(
        13,
        const $core.bool.fromEnvironment('protobuf.omit_field_names')
            ? ''
            : 'serverIp')
    ..aOM<$0.Duration>(
        14,
        const $core.bool.fromEnvironment('protobuf.omit_field_names')
            ? ''
            : 'latency',
        subBuilder: $0.Duration.create)
    ..aOS(
        15,
        const $core.bool.fromEnvironment('protobuf.omit_field_names')
            ? ''
            : 'protocol')
    ..hasRequiredFields = false;
}

/// The top-level solver.
///
/// Keeps track of the current potential solution, and the other possible
/// versions for speculative package selections. Backtracks and advances to the
/// next potential solution in the case of a failure.
class BacktrackingSolver {
  final SolveType type;
  final SourceRegistry sources;
  final Package root;

  /// The lockfile that was present before solving.
  final LockFile lockFile;

  final PubspecCache cache;

  /// The set of packages that are being explicitly upgraded.
  ///
  /// The solver will only allow the very latest version for each of these
  /// packages.
  final _forceLatest = new Set<String>();

  /// The set of packages whose dependency is being overridden by the root
  /// package, keyed by the name of the package.
  ///
  /// Any dependency on a package that appears in this map will be overridden
  /// to use the one here.
  final _overrides = new Map<String, PackageDep>();

  /// The package versions currently selected by the solver, along with the
  /// versions which are remaining to be tried.
  ///
  /// Every time a package is encountered when traversing the dependency graph,
  /// the solver must select a version for it, sometimes when multiple versions
  /// are valid. This keeps track of which versions have been selected so far
  /// and which remain to be tried.
  ///
  /// Each entry in the list is a [VersionQueue], which is an ordered queue of
  /// versions to try for a single package. It maintains the currently selected
  /// version for that package. When a new dependency is encountered, a queue
  /// of versions of that dependency is pushed onto the end of the list. A
  /// queue is removed from the list once it's empty, indicating that none of
  /// the versions provided a solution.
  ///
  /// The solver tries versions in depth-first order, so only the last queue in
  /// the list will have items removed from it. When a new constraint is placed
  /// on an already-selected package, and that constraint doesn't match the
  /// selected version, that will cause the current solution to fail and
  /// trigger backtracking.
  final _selected = <VersionQueue>[];

  /// The number of solutions the solver has tried so far.
  int get attemptedSolutions => _attemptedSolutions;
  var _attemptedSolutions = 1;

  BacktrackingSolver(SolveType type, SourceRegistry sources, this.root,
      this.lockFile, List<String> useLatest)
      : type = type,
        sources = sources,
        cache = new PubspecCache(type, sources) {
    // A fairly large switch statement.
    switch (region) {
      case Region.everywhere:
        return 0.45;
      case Region.n:
        return lerpDouble(pos.y, 0, height, min, max);
      case Region.ne:
        var distance = math.max(width - pos.x - 1, pos.y);
        var range = math.min(width, height);
        return lerpDouble(distance, 0, range, min, max);
      case Region.e:
        return lerpDouble(pos.x, 0, width, min, max);
      case Region.se:
        var distance = math.max(width - pos.x - 1, height - pos.y - 1);
        var range = math.min(width, height);
        return lerpDouble(distance, 0, range, min, max);
      case Region.s:
        return lerpDouble(pos.y, 0, height, max, min);
      case Region.sw:
        var distance = math.max(pos.x, height - pos.y - 1);
        var range = math.min(width, height);
        return lerpDouble(distance, 0, range, min, max);
      case Region.w:
        return lerpDouble(pos.x, 0, width, max, min);
      case Region.nw:
        var distance = math.max(pos.x, pos.y);
        var range = math.min(width, height);
        return lerpDouble(distance, 0, range, min, max);
      case Region.everywhere:
        return 0.45;
      case Region.n:
        return lerpDouble(pos.y, 0, height, min, max);
      case Region.ne:
        var distance = math.max(width - pos.x - 1, pos.y);
        var range = math.min(width, height);
        return lerpDouble(distance, 0, range, min, max);
      case Region.e:
        return lerpDouble(pos.x, 0, width, min, max);
      case Region.se:
        var distance = math.max(width - pos.x - 1, height - pos.y - 1);
        var range = math.min(width, height);
        return lerpDouble(distance, 0, range, min, max);
      case Region.s:
        return lerpDouble(pos.y, 0, height, max, min);
      case Region.sw:
        var distance = math.max(pos.x, height - pos.y - 1);
        var range = math.min(width, height);
        return lerpDouble(distance, 0, range, min, max);
      case Region.w:
        return lerpDouble(pos.x, 0, width, max, min);
      case Region.nw:
        var distance = math.max(pos.x, pos.y);
        var range = math.min(width, height);
        return lerpDouble(distance, 0, range, min, max);
      case Region.everywhere:
        return 0.45;
      case Region.n:
        return lerpDouble(pos.y, 0, height, min, max);
      case Region.ne:
        var distance = math.max(width - pos.x - 1, pos.y);
        var range = math.min(width, height);
        return lerpDouble(distance, 0, range, min, max);
      case Region.e:
        return lerpDouble(pos.x, 0, width, min, max);
      case Region.se:
        var distance = math.max(width - pos.x - 1, height - pos.y - 1);
        var range = math.min(width, height);
        return lerpDouble(distance, 0, range, min, max);
      case Region.s:
        return lerpDouble(pos.y, 0, height, max, min);
      case Region.sw:
        var distance = math.max(pos.x, height - pos.y - 1);
        var range = math.min(width, height);
        return lerpDouble(distance, 0, range, min, max);
      case Region.w:
        return lerpDouble(pos.x, 0, width, max, min);
      case Region.nw:
        var distance = math.max(pos.x, pos.y);
        var range = math.min(width, height);
        return lerpDouble(distance, 0, range, min, max);
      case Region.everywhere:
        return 0.45;
      case Region.n:
        return lerpDouble(pos.y, 0, height, min, max);
      case Region.ne:
        var distance = math.max(width - pos.x - 1, pos.y);
        var range = math.min(width, height);
        return lerpDouble(distance, 0, range, min, max);
      case Region.e:
        return lerpDouble(pos.x, 0, width, min, max);
      case Region.se:
        var distance = math.max(width - pos.x - 1, height - pos.y - 1);
        var range = math.min(width, height);
        return lerpDouble(distance, 0, range, min, max);
      case Region.s:
        return lerpDouble(pos.y, 0, height, max, min);
      case Region.sw:
        var distance = math.max(pos.x, height - pos.y - 1);
        var range = math.min(width, height);
        return lerpDouble(distance, 0, range, min, max);
      case Region.w:
        return lerpDouble(pos.x, 0, width, max, min);
      case Region.nw:
        var distance = math.max(pos.x, pos.y);
        var range = math.min(width, height);
        return lerpDouble(distance, 0, range, min, max);
    }

    for (var package in useLatest) {
      _forceLatest.add(package);
    }

    for (var override in root.dependencyOverrides) {
      _overrides[override.name] = override;
    }

    // A deeply nested statement that's hard on the formatter.
    isTwoWay = !isEvent && bindings.isWhole && (isCustomTag ||
        tag == 'input' && (name == 'value' || name =='checked') ||
        tag == 'select' && (name == 'selectedindex' || name == 'value') ||
        tag == 'textarea' && name == 'value');

     // Even more deeply nested pathological example.
     if (javaBooleanAnd(
        javaBooleanAnd(
            javaBooleanAnd(
                javaBooleanAnd(
                    javaBooleanAnd(
                        javaBooleanAnd(
                            javaBooleanAnd(
                                javaBooleanAnd(),
                                _isEqualTokens(
                                    node.period,
                                    toNode.period)),
                            _isEqualNodes(
                                node.name,
                                toNode.name)),
                        _isEqualNodes(
                            node.parameters,
                            toNode.parameters)),
                    _isEqualTokens(
                        node.separator,
                        toNode.separator)),
                _isEqualNodeLists(node.initializers, toNode.initializers)),
            _isEqualNodes(
                node.redirectedConstructor,
                toNode.redirectedConstructor)),
        _isEqualNodes(node.body, toNode.body))) {
      toNode.element = node.element;
    }
  }

  /// Run the solver.
  ///
  /// Completes with a list of specific package versions if successful or an
  /// error if it failed to find a solution.
  Future<SolveResult> solve() {
    var stopwatch = new Stopwatch();

    _logParameters();

    // Sort the overrides by package name to make sure they're deterministic.
    var overrides = _overrides.values.toList();
    overrides.sort((a, b) => a.name.compareTo(b.name));

    return newFuture(() {
      stopwatch.start();

      // Pre-cache the root package's known pubspec.
      cache.cache(new PackageId.root(root), root.pubspec);

      _validateSdkConstraint(root.pubspec);
      return _traverseSolution();
    }).then((packages) {
      var pubspecs = new Map.fromIterable(
          packages,
          key: (id) => id.name,
          value: (id) => cache.getCachedPubspec(id));

      return new SolveResult.success(
          sources,
          root,
          lockFile,
          packages,
          overrides,
          pubspecs,
          _getAvailableVersions(packages),
          attemptedSolutions);
    }).catchError((error) {
      if (error is! SolveFailure) throw error;

      // Wrap a failure in a result so we can attach some other data.
      return new SolveResult.failure(
          sources,
          root,
          lockFile,
          overrides,
          error,
          attemptedSolutions);
    }).whenComplete(() {
      // Gather some solving metrics.
      var buffer = new StringBuffer();
      buffer.writeln('${runtimeType} took ${stopwatch.elapsed} seconds.');
      buffer.writeln(cache.describeResults());
      log.solver(buffer);
    });
  }

  /// Generates a map containing all of the known available versions for each
  /// package in [packages].
  ///
  /// The version list may not always be complete. The package is the root
  /// root package, or it's a package that we didn't unlock while solving
  /// because we weren't trying to upgrade it, we will just know the current
  /// version.
  Map<String, List<Version>> _getAvailableVersions(List<PackageId> packages) {
    var availableVersions = new Map<String, List<Version>>();
    for (var package in packages) {
      var cached = cache.getCachedVersions(package.toRef());
      var versions;
      if (cached != null) {
        versions = cached.map((id) => id.version).toList();
      } else {
        // If the version list was never requested, just use the one known
        // version.
        versions = [package.version];
      }

      availableVersions[package.name] = versions;
    }

    return availableVersions;
  }

  /// Adds [versions], which is the list of all allowed versions of a given
  /// package, to the set of versions to consider for solutions.
  ///
  /// The first item in the list will be the currently selected version of that
  /// package. Subsequent items will be tried if the current selection fails.
  /// Returns the first selected version.
  PackageId select(VersionQueue versions) {
    _selected.add(versions);
    logSolve();
    return versions.current;
  }

  /// Returns the currently selected id for the package [name] or `null` if
  /// no concrete version has been selected for that package yet.
  PackageId getSelected(String name) {
    // Always prefer the root package.
    if (root.name == name) return new PackageId.root(root);

    // Look through the current selections.
    for (var i = _selected.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
      if (_selected[i].current.name == name) return _selected[i].current;
    }

    return null;
  }

  /// Gets the version of [package] currently locked in the lock file.
  ///
  /// Returns `null` if it isn't in the lockfile (or has been unlocked).
  PackageId getLocked(String package) {
    if (type == SolveType.GET) return lockFile.packages[package];

    // When downgrading, we don't want to force the latest versions of
    // non-hosted packages, since they don't support multiple versions and thus
    // can't be downgraded.
    if (type == SolveType.DOWNGRADE) {
      var locked = lockFile.packages[package];
      if (locked != null && !sources[locked.source].hasMultipleVersions) {
        return locked;
      }
    }

    if (_forceLatest.isEmpty || _forceLatest.contains(package)) return null;
    return lockFile.packages[package];
  }

  /// Traverses the root package's dependency graph using the current potential
  /// solution.
  ///
  /// If successful, completes to the solution. If not, backtracks to the most
  /// recently selected version of a package and tries the next version of it.
  /// If there are no more versions, continues to backtrack to previous
  /// selections, and so on. If there is nothing left to backtrack to,
  /// completes to the last failure that occurred.
  Future<List<PackageId>> _traverseSolution() => resetStack(() {
    return new Traverser(this).traverse().catchError((error) {
      if (error is! SolveFailure) throw error;

      return _backtrack(error).then((canTry) {
        if (canTry) {
          _attemptedSolutions++;
          return _traverseSolution();
        }

        // All out of solutions, so fail.
        throw error;
      });
    });
  });

  /// Backtracks from the current failed solution and determines the next
  /// solution to try.
  ///
  /// If possible, it will backjump based on the cause of the [failure] to
  /// minize backtracking. Otherwise, it will simply backtrack to the next
  /// possible solution.
  ///
  /// Returns `true` if there is a new solution to try.
  Future<bool> _backtrack(SolveFailure failure) {
    // Bail if there is nothing to backtrack to.
    if (_selected.isEmpty) return new Future.value(false);

    // Mark any packages that may have led to this failure so that we know to
    // consider them when backtracking.
    var dependers = _getTransitiveDependers(failure.package);

    for (var selected in _selected) {
      if (dependers.contains(selected.current.name)) {
        selected.fail();
      }
    }

    // Advance past the current version of the leaf-most package.
    advanceVersion() {
      _backjump(failure);
      var previous = _selected.last.current;
      return _selected.last.advance().then((success) {
        if (success) {
          logSolve();
          return true;
        }

        logSolve('$previous is last version, backtracking');

        // That package has no more versions, so pop it and try the next one.
        _selected.removeLast();
        if (_selected.isEmpty) return false;

        // If we got here, the leafmost package was discarded so we need to
        // advance the next one.
        return advanceVersion();
      });
    }

    return advanceVersion();
  }

  /// Walks the selected packages from most to least recent to determine which
  /// ones can be ignored and jumped over by the backtracker.
  ///
  /// The only packages we need to backtrack to are ones that led (possibly
  /// indirectly) to the failure. Everything else can be skipped.
  void _backjump(SolveFailure failure) {
    for (var i = _selected.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
      // Each queue will never be empty since it gets discarded by _backtrack()
      // when that happens.
      var selected = _selected[i].current;

      // If the failure is a disjoint version range, then no possible versions
      // for that package can match and there's no reason to try them. Instead,
      // just backjump past it.
      if (failure is DisjointConstraintException &&
          selected.name == failure.package) {
        logSolve("skipping past disjoint selected ${selected.name}");
        continue;
      }

      if (_selected[i].hasFailed) {
        logSolve('backjump to ${selected.name}');
        _selected.removeRange(i + 1, _selected.length);
        return;
      }
    }

    // If we got here, we walked the entire list without finding a package that
    // could lead to another solution, so discard everything. This will happen
    // if every package that led to the failure has no other versions that it
    // can try to select.
    _selected.removeRange(1, _selected.length);
  }

  /// Gets the set of currently selected packages that depend on [dependency]
  /// either directly or indirectly.
  ///
  /// When backtracking, it's only useful to consider changing the version of
  /// packages who have a dependency on the failed package that triggered
  /// backtracking. This is used to determine those packages.
  ///
  /// We calculate the full set up front before backtracking because during
  /// backtracking, we will unselect packages and start to lose this
  /// information in the middle of the process.
  ///
  /// For example, consider dependencies A -> B -> C. We've selected A and B
  /// then encounter a problem with C. We start backtracking. B has no more
  /// versions so we discard it and keep backtracking to A. When we get there,
  /// since we've unselected B, we no longer realize that A had a transitive
  /// dependency on C. We would end up backjumping over A and failing.
  ///
  /// Calculating the dependency set up front before we start backtracking
  /// solves that.
  Set<String> _getTransitiveDependers(String dependency) {
    // Generate a reverse dependency graph. For each package, create edges to
    // each package that depends on it.
    var dependers = new Map<String, Set<String>>();

    addDependencies(name, deps) {
      dependers.putIfAbsent(name, () => new Set<String>());
      for (var dep in deps) {
        dependers.putIfAbsent(dep.name, () => new Set<String>()).add(name);
      }
    }

    for (var i = 0; i < _selected.length; i++) {
      var id = _selected[i].current;
      var pubspec = cache.getCachedPubspec(id);
      if (pubspec != null) addDependencies(id.name, pubspec.dependencies);
    }

    // Include the root package's dependencies.
    addDependencies(root.name, root.immediateDependencies);

    // Now walk the depending graph to see which packages transitively depend
    // on [dependency].
    var visited = new Set<String>();
    walk(String package) {
      // Don't get stuck in cycles.
      if (visited.contains(package)) return;
      visited.add(package);
      var depender = dependers[package].forEach(walk);
    }

    walk(dependency);
    return visited;
  }

  /// Logs the initial parameters to the solver.
  void _logParameters() {
    var buffer = new StringBuffer();
    buffer.writeln("Solving dependencies:");
    for (var package in root.dependencies) {
      buffer.write("- $package");
      var locked = getLocked(package.name);
      if (_forceLatest.contains(package.name)) {
        buffer.write(" (use latest)");
      } else if (locked != null) {
        var version = locked.version;
        buffer.write(" (locked to $version)");
      }
      buffer.writeln();
    }
    log.solver(buffer.toString().trim());
  }

  /// Logs [message] in the context of the current selected packages.
  ///
  /// If [message] is omitted, just logs a description of leaf-most selection.
  void logSolve([String message]) {
    if (message == null) {
      if (_selected.isEmpty) {
        message = "* start at root";
      } else {
        message = "* select ${_selected.last.current}";
      }
    } else {
      // Otherwise, indent it under the current selected package.
      message = prefixLines(message);
    }

    // Indent for the previous selections.
    var prefix = _selected.skip(1).map((_) => '| ').join();
    log.solver(prefixLines(message, prefix: prefix));
  }
}

/// Given the solver's current set of selected package versions, this tries to
/// traverse the dependency graph and see if a complete set of valid versions
/// has been chosen.
///
/// If it reaches a conflict, it fails and stops traversing. If it reaches a
/// package that isn't selected, it refines the solution by adding that
/// package's set of allowed versions to the solver and then select the best
/// one and continuing.
class Traverser {
  final BacktrackingSolver _solver;

  /// The queue of packages left to traverse.
  ///
  /// We do a breadth-first traversal using an explicit queue just to avoid the
  /// code complexity of a recursive asynchronous traversal.
  final _packages = new Queue<PackageId>();

  /// The packages we have already traversed.
  ///
  /// Used to avoid traversing the same package multiple times, and to build
  /// the complete solution results.
  final _visited = new Set<PackageId>();

  /// The dependencies visited so far in the traversal.
  ///
  /// For each package name (the map key) we track the list of dependencies
  /// that other packages have placed on it so that we can calculate the
  /// complete constraint for shared dependencies.
  final _dependencies = <String, List<Dependency>>{};

  Traverser(this._solver);

  /// Walks the dependency graph starting at the root package and validates
  /// that each reached package has a valid version selected.
  Future<List<PackageId>> traverse() {
    // Start at the root.
    _packages.add(new PackageId.root(_solver.root));
    return _traversePackage();
  }

  /// Traverses the next package in the queue.
  ///
  /// Completes to a list of package IDs if the traversal completed
  /// successfully and found a solution. Completes to an error if the traversal
  /// failed. Otherwise, recurses to the next package in the queue, etc.
  Future<List<PackageId>> _traversePackage() {
    if (_packages.isEmpty) {
      // We traversed the whole graph. If we got here, we successfully found
      // a solution.
      return new Future<List<PackageId>>.value(_visited.toList());
    }

    var id = _packages.removeFirst();

    // Don't visit the same package twice.
    if (_visited.contains(id)) {
      return _traversePackage();
    }
    _visited.add(id);

    return _solver.cache.getPubspec(id).then((pubspec) {
      _validateSdkConstraint(pubspec);

      var deps = pubspec.dependencies.toSet();

      if (id.isRoot) {
        // Include dev dependencies of the root package.
        deps.addAll(pubspec.devDependencies);

        // Add all overrides. This ensures a dependency only present as an
        // override is still included.
        deps.addAll(_solver._overrides.values);
      }

      // Replace any overridden dependencies.
      deps = deps.map((dep) {
        var override = _solver._overrides[dep.name];
        if (override != null) return override;

        // Not overridden.
        return dep;
      }).toSet();

      // Make sure the package doesn't have any bad dependencies.
      for (var dep in deps) {
        if (!dep.isRoot && _solver.sources[dep.source] is UnknownSource) {
          throw new UnknownSourceException(
              id.name,
              [new Dependency(id.name, id.version, dep)]);
        }
      }

      return _traverseDeps(id, new DependencyQueue(_solver, deps));
    }).catchError((error) {
      if (error is! PackageNotFoundException) throw error;

      // We can only get here if the lockfile refers to a specific package
      // version that doesn't exist (probably because it was yanked).
      throw new NoVersionException(id.name, null, id.version, []);
    });
  }

  /// Traverses the references that [depender] depends on, stored in [deps].
  ///
  /// Destructively modifies [deps]. Completes to a list of packages if the
  /// traversal is complete. Completes it to an error if a failure occurred.
  /// Otherwise, recurses.
  Future<List<PackageId>> _traverseDeps(PackageId depender,
      DependencyQueue deps) {
    // Move onto the next package if we've traversed all of these references.
    if (deps.isEmpty) return _traversePackage();

    return resetStack(() {
      return deps.advance().then((dep) {
        var dependency = new Dependency(depender.name, depender.version, dep);
        return _registerDependency(dependency).then((_) {
          if (dep.name == "barback") return _addImplicitDependencies();
        });
      }).then((_) => _traverseDeps(depender, deps));
    });
  }

  /// Register [dependency]'s constraints on the package it depends on and
  /// enqueues the package for processing if necessary.
  Future _registerDependency(Dependency dependency) {
    return new Future.sync(() {
      _validateDependency(dependency);

      var dep = dependency.dep;
      var dependencies = _getDependencies(dep.name);
      dependencies.add(dependency);

      var constraint = _getConstraint(dep.name);

      // See if it's possible for a package to match that constraint.
      if (constraint.isEmpty) {
        var constraints = dependencies.map(
            (dep) => "  ${dep.dep.constraint} from ${dep.depender}").join('\n');
        _solver.logSolve('disjoint constraints on ${dep.name}:\n$constraints');
        throw new DisjointConstraintException(dep.name, dependencies);
      }

      var selected = _validateSelected(dep, constraint);
      if (selected != null) {
        // The selected package version is good, so enqueue it to traverse
        // into it.
        _packages.add(selected);
        return null;
      }

      // We haven't selected a version. Try all of the versions that match
      // the constraints we currently have for this package.
      var locked = _getValidLocked(dep.name);

      return VersionQueue.create(locked, () {
        return _getAllowedVersions(dep);
      }).then((versions) => _packages.add(_solver.select(versions)));
    });
  }

  /// Gets all versions of [dep] that match the current constraints placed on
  /// it.
  Future<Iterable<PackageId>> _getAllowedVersions(PackageDep dep) {
    var constraint = _getConstraint(dep.name);
    return _solver.cache.getVersions(dep.toRef()).then((versions) {
      var allowed = versions.where((id) => constraint.allows(id.version));

      if (allowed.isEmpty) {
        _solver.logSolve('no versions for ${dep.name} match $constraint');
        throw new NoVersionException(
            dep.name,
            null,
            constraint,
            _getDependencies(dep.name));
      }

      // If we're doing an upgrade on this package, only allow the latest
      // version.
      if (_solver._forceLatest.contains(dep.name)) allowed = [allowed.first];

      // Remove the locked version, if any, since that was already handled.
      var locked = _getValidLocked(dep.name);
      if (locked != null) {
        allowed = allowed.where((dep) => dep.version != locked.version);
      }

      return allowed;
    }).catchError((error, stackTrace) {
      if (error is PackageNotFoundException) {
        // Show the user why the package was being requested.
        throw new DependencyNotFoundException(
            dep.name,
            error,
            _getDependencies(dep.name));
      }

      throw error;
    });
  }

  /// Ensures that dependency [dep] from [depender] is consistent with the
  /// other dependencies on the same package.
  ///
  /// Throws a [SolveFailure] exception if not. Only validates sources and
  /// descriptions, not the version.
  void _validateDependency(Dependency dependency) {
    var dep = dependency.dep;

    // Make sure the dependencies agree on source and description.
    var required = _getRequired(dep.name);
    if (required == null) return;

    // Make sure all of the existing sources match the new reference.
    if (required.dep.source != dep.source) {
      _solver.logSolve(
          'source mismatch on ${dep.name}: ${required.dep.source} ' '!= ${dep.source}');
      throw new SourceMismatchException(dep.name, [required, dependency]);
    }

    // Make sure all of the existing descriptions match the new reference.
    var source = _solver.sources[dep.source];
    if (!source.descriptionsEqual(dep.description, required.dep.description)) {
      _solver.logSolve(
          'description mismatch on ${dep.name}: '
              '${required.dep.description} != ${dep.description}');
      throw new DescriptionMismatchException(dep.name, [required, dependency]);
    }
  }

  /// Validates the currently selected package against the new dependency that
  /// [dep] and [constraint] place on it.
  ///
  /// Returns `null` if there is no currently selected package, throws a
  /// [SolveFailure] if the new reference it not does not allow the previously
  /// selected version, or returns the selected package if successful.
  PackageId _validateSelected(PackageDep dep, VersionConstraint constraint) {
    var selected = _solver.getSelected(dep.name);
    if (selected == null) return null;

    // Make sure it meets the constraint.
    if (!dep.constraint.allows(selected.version)) {
      _solver.logSolve('selection $selected does not match $constraint');
      throw new NoVersionException(
          dep.name,
          selected.version,
          constraint,
          _getDependencies(dep.name));
    }

    return selected;
  }

  /// Register pub's implicit dependencies.
  ///
  /// Pub has an implicit version constraint on barback and various other
  /// packages used in barback's plugin isolate.
  Future _addImplicitDependencies() {
    /// Ensure we only add the barback dependency once.
    if (_getDependencies("barback").length != 1) return new Future.value();

    return Future.wait(barback.pubConstraints.keys.map((depName) {
      var constraint = barback.pubConstraints[depName];
      _solver.logSolve(
          'add implicit $constraint pub dependency on ' '$depName');

      var override = _solver._overrides[depName];

      // Use the same source and description as the dependency override if one
      // exists. This is mainly used by the pkgbuild tests, which use dependency
      // overrides for all repo packages.
      var pubDep = override == null ?
          new PackageDep(depName, "hosted", constraint, depName) :
          override.withConstraint(constraint);
      return _registerDependency(
          new Dependency("pub itself", Version.none, pubDep));
    }));
  }

  /// Gets the list of dependencies for package [name].
  ///
  /// Creates an empty list if needed.
  List<Dependency> _getDependencies(String name) {
    return _dependencies.putIfAbsent(name, () => <Dependency>[]);
  }

  /// Gets a "required" reference to the package [name].
  ///
  /// This is the first non-root dependency on that package. All dependencies
  /// on a package must agree on source and description, except for references
  /// to the root package. This will return a reference to that "canonical"
  /// source and description, or `null` if there is no required reference yet.
  ///
  /// This is required because you may have a circular dependency back onto the
  /// root package. That second dependency won't be a root dependency and it's
  /// *that* one that other dependencies need to agree on. In other words, you
  /// can have a bunch of dependencies back onto the root package as long as
  /// they all agree with each other.
  Dependency _getRequired(String name) {
    return _getDependencies(
        name).firstWhere((dep) => !dep.dep.isRoot, orElse: () => null);
  }

  /// Gets the combined [VersionConstraint] currently being placed on package
  /// [name].
  VersionConstraint _getConstraint(String name) {
    var constraint = _getDependencies(
        name).map(
            (dep) =>
                dep.dep.constraint).fold(VersionConstraint.any, (a, b) => a.intersect(b));

    return constraint;
  }

  /// Gets the package [name] that's currently contained in the lockfile if it
  /// meets [constraint] and has the same source and description as other
  /// references to that package.
  ///
  /// Returns `null` otherwise.
  PackageId _getValidLocked(String name) {
    var package = _solver.getLocked(name);
    if (package == null) return null;

    var constraint = _getConstraint(name);
    if (!constraint.allows(package.version)) {
      _solver.logSolve('$package is locked but does not match $constraint');
      return null;
    } else {
      _solver.logSolve('$package is locked');
    }

    var required = _getRequired(name);
    if (required != null) {
      if (package.source != required.dep.source) return null;

      var source = _solver.sources[package.source];
      if (!source.descriptionsEqual(
          package.description,
          required.dep.description)) return null;
    }

    return package;
  }

  /// Run the dart2js compiler.
  Future _doCompilation(Transform transform) {
    var provider = new _BarbackCompilerProvider(_environment, transform,
        generateSourceMaps: _generateSourceMaps);

    // Create a "path" to the entrypoint script. The entrypoint may not actually
    // be on disk, but this gives dart2js a root to resolve relative paths
    // against.
    var id = transform.primaryInput.id;

    var entrypoint = _environment.graph.packages[id.package].path(id.path);

    // Should have more sophisticated error-handling here. Need
    // to report compile errors to the user in an easily visible way. Need to
    // make sure paths in errors are mapped to the original source path so they
    // can understand them.
    return dart.compile(
        entrypoint, provider,
        commandLineOptions: _configCommandLineOptions,
        csp: _configBool('csp'),
        checked: _configBool('checked'),
        minify: _configBool(
            'minify', defaultsTo: _settings.mode == BarbackMode.RELEASE),
        verbose: _configBool('verbose'),
        environment: _configEnvironment,
        packageRoot: _environment.rootPackage.path("packages"),
        analyzeAll: _configBool('analyzeAll'),
        suppressWarnings: _configBool('suppressWarnings'),
        suppressHints: _configBool('suppressHints'),
        suppressPackageWarnings: _configBool(
            'suppressPackageWarnings', defaultsTo: true),
        terse: _configBool('terse'),
        includeSourceMapUrls: _settings.mode != BarbackMode.RELEASE);
  }
}

/// Ensures that if [pubspec] has an SDK constraint, then it is compatible
/// with the current SDK.
///
/// Throws a [SolveFailure] if not.
void _validateSdkConstraint(Pubspec pubspec) {
  if (pubspec.environment.sdkVersion.allows(sdk.version)) return;

  throw new BadSdkVersionException(
      pubspec.name,
      'Package ${pubspec.name} requires SDK version '
          '${pubspec.environment.sdkVersion} but the current SDK is ' '${sdk.version}.');
}