[dart:js_interop] Allow dart:html types in external signatures

Closes https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/54482

This is generally useful for users working around some limitations of
dart:html. While we want to encourage users to use package:web,
dart:html is not available on dart2wasm and users can use dart:html in
other ways already e.g. in an interop extension type, so it doesn't make
sense to disallow this. We also allow type parameters that extend these
types as well.

In order to make this a bit more performant (subtyping checks may be
expensive), code is refactored to cache more readily and separate the
notion of an allowed representation type vs interop extension type. We
also define the notion of a "core" interop type, which will be useful
when we want to efficiently query what interop type users are using
underneath the possible layers of extension types.

A few missing tests around typed_data are added and the error around
invalid types is reworded to include this change and be more consise.

Change-Id: I256b0cce4355d2a21853b0c5bf641166cafc523e
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/347224
Reviewed-by: Sigmund Cherem <sigmund@google.com>
Commit-Queue: Srujan Gaddam <srujzs@google.com>