[vm] Improve asynchronous unwinding through Stream methods

This CL adds @pragma('vm:awaiter-link') in various places in
Stream implementation to facilitate unwinding and expands
async unwinding logic with more information about
Stream internals.

At the same time be more conservative when checking if an
exception thrown from async method handled: failing to unwind
the stack fully creates situations when we incorrectly report
caught exceptions as uncaught, which frustrates users.

To distinguish stream subscriptions with and without error
handlers we add a state bit. Otherwise, it looks like all
subscriptions have error handlers because if no error
handler is installed we eagerly install error handler forwarding
the error to `Zone.handleUncaughtError`.

Fixes https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/53334
Fixes https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/54788
Fixes https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/47985

TEST=runtime/vm/dart/awaiter_stacks/stream_methods_test.dart,pkg/vm_service/test/pause_on_unhandled_async_exceptions6_test.dart,pkg/vm_service/test/pause_on_unhandled_async_exceptions7_test.dart

CoreLibraryReviewExempt: No behavioral change. Async changes reviewed by lrhn@
Cq-Include-Trybots: luci.dart.try:vm-aot-android-release-arm64c-try,vm-aot-android-release-arm_x64-try,vm-aot-dwarf-linux-product-x64-try,vm-aot-obfuscate-linux-release-x64-try,vm-aot-optimization-level-linux-release-x64-try
Change-Id: Ic51f926867092dd0adbe801b753f57c357c7ace2
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/322720
Reviewed-by: Alexander Markov <alexmarkov@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Lasse Nielsen <lrn@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Ben Konyi <bkonyi@google.com>
Commit-Queue: Slava Egorov <vegorov@google.com>