[cfe] Add more compiler-time errors for incorrect enum constructors

Additionaly this CL moves the arguments checks for redirecting and
super initializer invocations from the early stage of their creation
to a later stage of their addition to the list of constructor
initializers, after the possible modifications to the arguments of the
invocation are performed.

Change-Id: I87a3710c885926a74c844288bdf266e7127a9c40
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/229967
Reviewed-by: Johnni Winther <johnniwinther@google.com>
Commit-Queue: Chloe Stefantsova <cstefantsova@google.com>