[vm] Remove TypeRef

TypeRef type wraps around another type and it was used to represent
a graph of recursive types. After [0], the only use of TypeRef is
for TypeParameter.bound which may indirectly reference the same
TypeParameter.

This change replaces TypeParameter.bound with TypeParameter.owner and
removes TypeRef entirely. Various parts of the VM no longer need to
handle and support TypeRefs.

TypeParameter.owner can reference a FunctionType, Class,
or, as an optimization, it can be set to null in order to share
class type parameters among different classes.

With the exception of the 'TypeParameter.owner' back pointer,
VM types are now not recursive and can be visited without
additional tracking.

Caveats:

* Generic FunctionType cannot be cloned in a shallow way:
  when copying a FunctionType, type parameters should be cloned too
  and their owners should be updated. For that reason,
  a mapping between 'from' and 'to' function types
  (FunctionTypeMapping) is maintained during type transformations
  such as InstantiateFrom.
  FunctionType::Clone is used instead of Object::Clone where
  appropriate.

* When testing types for subtyping and equivalence, mapping
  between function types is passed to make sure
  type parameters belong to the equivalent function types.

* IL serializer needs to serialize function types as a whole before
  serializing any types potentially pointing into the middle of a
  function type (such as return type 'List<Y0>' pointing into
  the middle of a function type 'List<Y0> Function<Y0>()').

[0] https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/296300

TEST=ci

Change-Id: I67c2fd0117c6183a45e183919a7847fd1af70b3e
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/294165
Reviewed-by: Ryan Macnak <rmacnak@google.com>
Commit-Queue: Alexander Markov <alexmarkov@google.com>
55 files changed
tree: 2e8deff95a937648885ff214e2fb43ed5935a0ed
  1. .dart_tool/
  2. .github/
  3. benchmarks/
  4. build/
  5. docs/
  6. pkg/
  7. runtime/
  8. samples/
  9. sdk/
  10. tests/
  11. third_party/
  12. tools/
  13. utils/
  14. .clang-format
  15. .gitattributes
  16. .gitconfig
  17. .gitignore
  18. .gn
  19. .mailmap
  20. .style.yapf
  21. .vpython
  22. AUTHORS
  23. BUILD.gn
  24. CHANGELOG.md
  25. codereview.settings
  26. CONTRIBUTING.md
  27. DEPS
  28. LICENSE
  29. OWNERS
  30. PATENT_GRANT
  31. PRESUBMIT.py
  32. README.dart-sdk
  33. README.md
  34. sdk_args.gni
  35. SECURITY.md
  36. WATCHLISTS
README.md

Dart

A client-optimized language for fast apps on any platform

Dart is:

  • Optimized for UI: Develop with a programming language specialized around the needs of user interface creation.

  • Productive: Make changes iteratively: use hot reload to see the result instantly in your running app.

  • Fast on all platforms: Compile to ARM & x64 machine code for mobile, desktop, and backend. Or compile to JavaScript for the web.

Dart's flexible compiler technology lets you run Dart code in different ways, depending on your target platform and goals:

  • Dart Native: For programs targeting devices (mobile, desktop, server, and more), Dart Native includes both a Dart VM with JIT (just-in-time) compilation and an AOT (ahead-of-time) compiler for producing machine code.

  • Dart Web: For programs targeting the web, Dart Web includes both a development time compiler (dartdevc) and a production time compiler (dart2js).

Dart platforms illustration

License & patents

Dart is free and open source.

See LICENSE and PATENT_GRANT.

Using Dart

Visit dart.dev to learn more about the language, tools, and to find codelabs.

Browse pub.dev for more packages and libraries contributed by the community and the Dart team.

Our API reference documentation is published at api.dart.dev, based on the stable release. (We also publish docs from our beta and dev channels, as well as from the primary development branch).

Building Dart

If you want to build Dart yourself, here is a guide to getting the source, preparing your machine to build the SDK, and building.

There are more documents on our wiki.

Contributing to Dart

The easiest way to contribute to Dart is to file issues.

You can also contribute patches, as described in Contributing.