runtime/vm/scavenger.cc - sdk.git - Git at Google

 // Copyright (c) 2011, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
 // for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
 // BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

 #include "vm/scavenger.h"

 #include <algorithm>
 #include <map>
 #include <utility>

 #include "vm/dart.h"
 #include "vm/dart_api_state.h"
 #include "vm/isolate.h"
 #include "vm/object.h"
 #include "vm/stack_frame.h"
 #include "vm/store_buffer.h"
 #include "vm/verifier.h"
 #include "vm/visitor.h"

 namespace dart {

 // Scavenger uses RawObject::kFreeBit to distinguish forwaded and non-forwarded
 // objects because scavenger can never encounter free list element during
 // evacuation and thus all objects scavenger encounters have
 // kFreeBit cleared.
 enum {
   kForwardingMask = 1,
   kNotForwarded = 0,
   kForwarded = 1,
 };


 static inline bool IsForwarding(uword header) {
   uword bits = header & kForwardingMask;
   ASSERT((bits == kNotForwarded) || (bits == kForwarded));
   return bits == kForwarded;
 }


 static inline uword ForwardedAddr(uword header) {
   ASSERT(IsForwarding(header));
   return header & ~kForwardingMask;
 }


 static inline void ForwardTo(uword orignal, uword target) {
   // Make sure forwarding can be encoded.
   ASSERT((target & kForwardingMask) == 0);
   *reinterpret_cast<uword*>(orignal) = target | kForwarded;
 }


 class ScavengerVisitor : public ObjectPointerVisitor {
  public:
   explicit ScavengerVisitor(Isolate* isolate, Scavenger* scavenger)
       : ObjectPointerVisitor(isolate),
         scavenger_(scavenger),
         heap_(scavenger->heap_),
         vm_heap_(Dart::vm_isolate()->heap()),
         visiting_old_pointers_(false) {}

   void VisitPointers(RawObject** first, RawObject** last) {
     for (RawObject** current = first; current <= last; current++) {
       ScavengePointer(current);
     }
   }

   void VisitingOldPointers(bool value) { visiting_old_pointers_ = value; }

   void DelayWeakProperty(RawWeakProperty* raw_weak) {
     RawObject* raw_key = raw_weak->ptr()->key_;
     DelaySet::iterator it = delay_set_.find(raw_key);
     if (it != delay_set_.end()) {
       ASSERT(raw_key->IsWatched());
     } else {
       ASSERT(!raw_key->IsWatched());
       raw_key->SetWatchedBit();
     }
     delay_set_.insert(std::make_pair(raw_key, raw_weak));
   }

   void Finalize() {
     DelaySet::iterator it = delay_set_.begin();
     for (; it != delay_set_.end(); ++it) {
       WeakProperty::Clear(it->second);
     }
   }

  private:
   void UpdateStoreBuffer(RawObject** p, RawObject* obj) {
     uword ptr = reinterpret_cast<uword>(p);
     ASSERT(obj->IsHeapObject());
     ASSERT(!scavenger_->Contains(ptr));
     ASSERT(!heap_->CodeContains(ptr));
     ASSERT(heap_->Contains(ptr));
     // If the newly written object is not a new object, drop it immediately.
     if (!obj->IsNewObject()) return;
     isolate()->store_buffer()->AddPointer(ptr);
   }

   void ScavengePointer(RawObject** p) {
     RawObject* raw_obj = *p;

     // Fast exit if the raw object is a Smi or an old object.
     if (!raw_obj->IsHeapObject() || raw_obj->IsOldObject()) {
       return;
     }

     uword raw_addr = RawObject::ToAddr(raw_obj);
     // Objects should be contained in the heap.
     // TODO(iposva): Add an appropriate assert here or in the return block
     // below.
     // The scavenger is only interested in objects located in the from space.
     if (!scavenger_->from_->Contains(raw_addr)) {
       return;
     }

     // Read the header word of the object and determine if the object has
     // already been copied.
     uword header = *reinterpret_cast<uword*>(raw_addr);
     uword new_addr = 0;
     if (IsForwarding(header)) {
       // Get the new location of the object.
       new_addr = ForwardedAddr(header);
     } else if (raw_obj->IsWatched()) {
       // Forward the object by scavenging its watchers.
       raw_obj->ClearWatchedBit();
       std::pair<DelaySet::iterator, DelaySet::iterator> ret;
       // Visit all elements with a key equal to raw_obj.
       ret = delay_set_.equal_range(raw_obj);
       for (DelaySet::iterator it = ret.first; it != ret.second; ++it) {
         // Scavenge the delayed WeakProperty.  These objects have been
         // forwarded but have not been scavenged because their key
         // object was not known to be reachable.  Now that the key
         // object is known to be reachable we can scavenge the key and
         // value pointers.
         it->second->VisitPointers(this);
       }
       delay_set_.erase(ret.first, ret.second);
       // Reread the header word to get the new location of the object.
       header = *reinterpret_cast<uword*>(raw_addr);
       ASSERT(IsForwarding(header));
       new_addr = ForwardedAddr(header);
     } else {
       intptr_t size = raw_obj->Size();
       // Check whether object should be promoted.
       if (scavenger_->survivor_end_ <= raw_addr) {
         // Not a survivor of a previous scavenge. Just copy the object into the
         // to space.
         new_addr = scavenger_->TryAllocate(size);
       } else {
         // TODO(iposva): Experiment with less aggressive promotion. For example
         // a coin toss determines if an object is promoted or whether it should
         // survive in this generation.
         //
         // This object is a survivor of a previous scavenge. Attempt to promote
         // the object.
         new_addr = heap_->TryAllocate(size, Heap::kOld);
         if (new_addr != 0) {
           // If promotion succeeded then we need to remember it so that it can
           // be traversed later.
           scavenger_->PushToPromotedStack(new_addr);
         } else {
           // Promotion did not succeed. Copy into the to space instead.
           scavenger_->had_promotion_failure_ = true;
           new_addr = scavenger_->TryAllocate(size);
         }
       }
       // During a scavenge we always succeed to at least copy all of the
       // current objects to the to space.
       ASSERT(new_addr != 0);
       // Copy the object to the new location.
       memmove(reinterpret_cast<void*>(new_addr),
               reinterpret_cast<void*>(raw_addr),
               size);
       // Remember forwarding address.
       ForwardTo(raw_addr, new_addr);
     }
     // Update the reference.
     RawObject* new_obj = RawObject::FromAddr(new_addr);
     *p = new_obj;
     // Update the store buffer as needed.
     if (visiting_old_pointers_) {
       UpdateStoreBuffer(p, new_obj);
     }
   }

   Scavenger* scavenger_;
   Heap* heap_;
   Heap* vm_heap_;
   typedef std::multimap<RawObject*, RawWeakProperty*> DelaySet;
   DelaySet delay_set_;

   bool visiting_old_pointers_;

   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ScavengerVisitor);
 };


 class ScavengerWeakVisitor : public HandleVisitor {
  public:
   explicit ScavengerWeakVisitor(Scavenger* scavenger) : scavenger_(scavenger) {
   }

   void VisitHandle(uword addr) {
     FinalizablePersistentHandle* handle =
         reinterpret_cast<FinalizablePersistentHandle*>(addr);
     RawObject** p = handle->raw_addr();
     if (scavenger_->IsUnreachable(p)) {
       FinalizablePersistentHandle::Finalize(handle);
     }
   }

  private:
   Scavenger* scavenger_;

   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ScavengerWeakVisitor);
 };


 // Visitor used to verify that all old->new references have been added to the
 // StoreBuffers.
 class VerifyStoreBufferPointerVisitor : public ObjectPointerVisitor {
  public:
   VerifyStoreBufferPointerVisitor(Isolate* isolate, MemoryRegion* to)
       : ObjectPointerVisitor(isolate), to_(to) {}

   void VisitPointers(RawObject** first, RawObject** last) {
     for (RawObject** current = first; current <= last; current++) {
       RawObject* obj = *current;
       if (obj->IsHeapObject() && obj->IsNewObject()) {
         ASSERT(to_->Contains(RawObject::ToAddr(obj)));
       }
     }
   }

  private:
   MemoryRegion* to_;

   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(VerifyStoreBufferPointerVisitor);
 };


 Scavenger::Scavenger(Heap* heap, intptr_t max_capacity, uword object_alignment)
     : heap_(heap),
       object_alignment_(object_alignment),
       count_(0),
       scavenging_(false) {
   // Verify assumptions about the first word in objects which the scavenger is
   // going to use for forwarding pointers.
   ASSERT(Object::tags_offset() == 0);
   ASSERT(kForwardingMask == (1 << RawObject::kFreeBit));

   // Allocate the virtual memory for this scavenge heap.
   space_ = VirtualMemory::Reserve(max_capacity);
   ASSERT(space_ != NULL);

   // Allocate the entire space at the beginning.
   space_->Commit(false);

   // Setup the semi spaces.
   uword semi_space_size = space_->size() / 2;
   ASSERT((semi_space_size & (VirtualMemory::PageSize() - 1)) == 0);
   to_ = new MemoryRegion(space_->address(), semi_space_size);
   uword middle = space_->start() + semi_space_size;
   from_ = new MemoryRegion(reinterpret_cast<void*>(middle), semi_space_size);

   // Make sure that the two semi-spaces are aligned properly.
   ASSERT(Utils::IsAligned(to_->start(), kObjectAlignment));
   ASSERT(Utils::IsAligned(from_->start(), kObjectAlignment));

   // Setup local fields.
   top_ = FirstObjectStart();
   resolved_top_ = top_;
   end_ = to_->end();

   survivor_end_ = FirstObjectStart();

 #if defined(DEBUG)
   memset(to_->pointer(), 0xf3, to_->size());
   memset(from_->pointer(), 0xf3, from_->size());
 #endif  // defined(DEBUG)
 }


 Scavenger::~Scavenger() {
   delete to_;
   delete from_;
   delete space_;
 }


 void Scavenger::Prologue(Isolate* isolate, bool invoke_api_callbacks) {
   if (invoke_api_callbacks) {
     isolate->gc_prologue_callbacks().Invoke();
   }
   // Flip the two semi-spaces so that to_ is always the space for allocating
   // objects.
   MemoryRegion* temp = from_;
   from_ = to_;
   to_ = temp;
   top_ = FirstObjectStart();
   resolved_top_ = top_;
   end_ = to_->end();
 }


 void Scavenger::Epilogue(Isolate* isolate, bool invoke_api_callbacks) {
   // All objects in the to space have been copied from the from space at this
   // moment.
   survivor_end_ = top_;

 #if defined(DEBUG)
   VerifyStoreBufferPointerVisitor verify_store_buffer_visitor(isolate, to_);
   heap_->IterateOldPointers(&verify_store_buffer_visitor);

   memset(from_->pointer(), 0xf3, from_->size());
 #endif  // defined(DEBUG)
   if (invoke_api_callbacks) {
     isolate->gc_epilogue_callbacks().Invoke();
   }
 }


 void Scavenger::IterateStoreBuffers(Isolate* isolate,
                                     ScavengerVisitor* visitor) {
   // Iterating through the store buffers.
   visitor->VisitingOldPointers(true);
   // Grab the deduplication sets out of the store buffer.
   StoreBuffer::DedupSet* pending = isolate->store_buffer()->DedupSets();
   intptr_t entries = 0;
   intptr_t duplicates = 0;
   while (pending != NULL) {
     StoreBuffer::DedupSet* next = pending->next();
     HashSet* set = pending->set();
     intptr_t count = set->Count();
     intptr_t size = set->Size();
     intptr_t handled = 0;
     entries += count;
     for (intptr_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
       RawObject** pointer = reinterpret_cast<RawObject**>(set->At(i));
       if (pointer != NULL) {
         RawObject* value = *pointer;
         // Skip entries that have been overwritten with Smis.
         if (value->IsHeapObject()) {
           if (from_->Contains(RawObject::ToAddr(value))) {
             visitor->VisitPointer(pointer);
           } else {
             duplicates++;
           }
         }
         handled++;
         if (handled == count) {
           break;
         }
       }
     }
     delete pending;
     pending = next;
   }
   if (FLAG_verbose_gc) {
     OS::PrintErr("StoreBuffer: %"Pd", %"Pd" (entries, dups)\n",
                  entries, duplicates);
   }
   StoreBufferBlock* block = isolate->store_buffer_block();
   entries = block->Count();
   duplicates = 0;
   for (intptr_t i = 0; i < entries; i++) {
     RawObject** pointer = reinterpret_cast<RawObject**>(block->At(i));
     RawObject* value = *pointer;
     if (value->IsHeapObject()) {
       if (from_->Contains(RawObject::ToAddr(value))) {
         visitor->VisitPointer(pointer);
       } else {
         duplicates++;
       }
     }
   }
   block->Reset();
   if (FLAG_verbose_gc) {
     OS::PrintErr("StoreBufferBlock: %"Pd", %"Pd" (entries, dups)\n",
                  entries, duplicates);
   }
   // Done iterating through the store buffers.
   visitor->VisitingOldPointers(false);
 }


 void Scavenger::IterateRoots(Isolate* isolate,
                              ScavengerVisitor* visitor,
                              bool visit_prologue_weak_persistent_handles) {
   IterateStoreBuffers(isolate, visitor);
   isolate->VisitObjectPointers(visitor,
                                visit_prologue_weak_persistent_handles,
                                StackFrameIterator::kDontValidateFrames);
 }


 bool Scavenger::IsUnreachable(RawObject** p) {
   RawObject* raw_obj = *p;
   if (!raw_obj->IsHeapObject()) {
     return false;
   }
   if (!raw_obj->IsNewObject()) {
     return false;
   }
   uword raw_addr = RawObject::ToAddr(raw_obj);
   if (!from_->Contains(raw_addr)) {
     return false;
   }
   uword header = *reinterpret_cast<uword*>(raw_addr);
   if (IsForwarding(header)) {
     uword new_addr = ForwardedAddr(header);
     *p = RawObject::FromAddr(new_addr);
     return false;
   }
   return true;
 }


 void Scavenger::IterateWeakReferences(Isolate* isolate,
                                       ScavengerVisitor* visitor) {
   ApiState* state = isolate->api_state();
   ASSERT(state != NULL);
   while (true) {
     WeakReferenceSet* queue = state->delayed_weak_reference_sets();
     if (queue == NULL) {
       // The delay queue is empty therefore no clean-up is required.
       return;
     }
     state->set_delayed_weak_reference_sets(NULL);
     while (queue != NULL) {
       WeakReferenceSet* reference_set = WeakReferenceSet::Pop(&queue);
       ASSERT(reference_set != NULL);
       bool is_unreachable = true;
       // Test each key object for reachability.  If a key object is
       // reachable, all value objects should be scavenged.
       for (intptr_t k = 0; k < reference_set->num_keys(); ++k) {
         if (!IsUnreachable(reference_set->get_key(k))) {
           for (intptr_t v = 0; v < reference_set->num_values(); ++v) {
             visitor->VisitPointer(reference_set->get_value(v));
           }
           is_unreachable = false;
           delete reference_set;
           break;
         }
       }
       // If all key objects are unreachable put the reference on a
       // delay queue.  This reference will be revisited if another
       // reference is scavenged.
       if (is_unreachable) {
         state->DelayWeakReferenceSet(reference_set);
       }
     }
     if ((resolved_top_ < top_) || PromotedStackHasMore()) {
       ProcessToSpace(visitor);
     } else {
       // Break out of the loop if there has been no forward process.
       break;
     }
   }
   // Deallocate any unreachable references on the delay queue.
   if (state->delayed_weak_reference_sets() != NULL) {
     WeakReferenceSet* queue = state->delayed_weak_reference_sets();
     state->set_delayed_weak_reference_sets(NULL);
     while (queue != NULL) {
       delete WeakReferenceSet::Pop(&queue);
     }
   }
 }


 void Scavenger::IterateWeakRoots(Isolate* isolate,
                                  HandleVisitor* visitor,
                                  bool visit_prologue_weak_persistent_handles) {
   isolate->VisitWeakPersistentHandles(visitor,
                                       visit_prologue_weak_persistent_handles);
 }


 void Scavenger::ProcessToSpace(ScavengerVisitor* visitor) {
   // Iterate until all work has been drained.
   while ((resolved_top_ < top_) || PromotedStackHasMore()) {
     while (resolved_top_ < top_) {
       RawObject* raw_obj = RawObject::FromAddr(resolved_top_);
       intptr_t class_id = raw_obj->GetClassId();
       if (class_id != kWeakPropertyCid) {
         resolved_top_ += raw_obj->VisitPointers(visitor);
       } else {
         RawWeakProperty* raw_weak = reinterpret_cast<RawWeakProperty*>(raw_obj);
         resolved_top_ += ProcessWeakProperty(raw_weak, visitor);
       }
     }
     visitor->VisitingOldPointers(true);
     while (PromotedStackHasMore()) {
       RawObject* raw_object = RawObject::FromAddr(PopFromPromotedStack());
       // Resolve or copy all objects referred to by the current object. This
       // can potentially push more objects on this stack as well as add more
       // objects to be resolved in the to space.
       raw_object->VisitPointers(visitor);
     }
     visitor->VisitingOldPointers(false);
   }
 }


 uword Scavenger::ProcessWeakProperty(RawWeakProperty* raw_weak,
                                      ScavengerVisitor* visitor) {
   // The fate of the weak property is determined by its key.
   RawObject* raw_key = raw_weak->ptr()->key_;
   if (raw_key->IsHeapObject() && raw_key->IsNewObject()) {
     uword raw_addr = RawObject::ToAddr(raw_key);
     uword header = *reinterpret_cast<uword*>(raw_addr);
     if (!IsForwarding(header)) {
       // Key is white.  Delay the weak property.
       visitor->DelayWeakProperty(raw_weak);
       return raw_weak->Size();
     }
   }
   // Key is gray or black.  Make the weak property black.
   return raw_weak->VisitPointers(visitor);
 }


 void Scavenger::ProcessPeerReferents() {
   PeerTable prev;
   std::swap(prev, peer_table_);
   for (PeerTable::iterator it = prev.begin(); it != prev.end(); ++it) {
     RawObject* raw_obj = it->first;
     ASSERT(raw_obj->IsHeapObject());
     uword raw_addr = RawObject::ToAddr(raw_obj);
     uword header = *reinterpret_cast<uword*>(raw_addr);
     if (IsForwarding(header)) {
       // The object has survived.  Preserve its record.
       uword new_addr = ForwardedAddr(header);
       raw_obj = RawObject::FromAddr(new_addr);
       heap_->SetPeer(raw_obj, it->second);
     }
   }
 }


 void Scavenger::VisitObjectPointers(ObjectPointerVisitor* visitor) const {
   uword cur = FirstObjectStart();
   while (cur < top_) {
     RawObject* raw_obj = RawObject::FromAddr(cur);
     cur += raw_obj->VisitPointers(visitor);
   }
 }


 void Scavenger::VisitObjects(ObjectVisitor* visitor) const {
   uword cur = FirstObjectStart();
   while (cur < top_) {
     RawObject* raw_obj = RawObject::FromAddr(cur);
     visitor->VisitObject(raw_obj);
     cur += raw_obj->Size();
   }
 }


 void Scavenger::Scavenge(const char* gc_reason) {
   // TODO(cshapiro): Add a decision procedure for determining when the
   // the API callbacks should be invoked.
   Scavenge(false, gc_reason);
 }


 void Scavenger::Scavenge(bool invoke_api_callbacks, const char* gc_reason) {
   // Scavenging is not reentrant. Make sure that is the case.
   ASSERT(!scavenging_);
   scavenging_ = true;
   had_promotion_failure_ = false;
   Isolate* isolate = Isolate::Current();
   NoHandleScope no_handles(isolate);

   if (FLAG_verify_before_gc) {
     OS::PrintErr("Verifying before Scavenge...");
     heap_->Verify();
     OS::PrintErr(" done.\n");
   }

   if (FLAG_verbose_gc) {
     OS::PrintErr("Start scavenge for %s collection\n", gc_reason);
   }
   Timer timer(FLAG_verbose_gc, "Scavenge");
   timer.Start();
   // Setup the visitor and run a scavenge.
   ScavengerVisitor visitor(isolate, this);
   Prologue(isolate, invoke_api_callbacks);
   IterateRoots(isolate, &visitor, !invoke_api_callbacks);
   ProcessToSpace(&visitor);
   IterateWeakReferences(isolate, &visitor);
   ScavengerWeakVisitor weak_visitor(this);
   IterateWeakRoots(isolate, &weak_visitor, invoke_api_callbacks);
   visitor.Finalize();
   ProcessPeerReferents();
   Epilogue(isolate, invoke_api_callbacks);
   timer.Stop();
   if (FLAG_verbose_gc) {
     OS::PrintErr("Scavenge[%d]: %"Pd64"us\n",
                  count_,
                  timer.TotalElapsedTime());
   }

   if (FLAG_verify_after_gc) {
     OS::PrintErr("Verifying after Scavenge...");
     heap_->Verify();
     OS::PrintErr(" done.\n");
   }

   count_++;
   // Done scavenging. Reset the marker.
   ASSERT(scavenging_);
   scavenging_ = false;
 }


 void Scavenger::WriteProtect(bool read_only) {
   space_->Protect(
       read_only ? VirtualMemory::kReadOnly : VirtualMemory::kReadWrite);
 }


 void Scavenger::SetPeer(RawObject* raw_obj, void* peer) {
   if (peer == NULL) {
     peer_table_.erase(raw_obj);
   } else {
     peer_table_[raw_obj] = peer;
   }
 }


 void* Scavenger::GetPeer(RawObject* raw_obj) {
   PeerTable::iterator it = peer_table_.find(raw_obj);
   return (it == peer_table_.end()) ? NULL : it->second;
 }


 int64_t Scavenger::PeerCount() const {
   return static_cast<int64_t>(peer_table_.size());
 }

 }  // namespace dart
	// Copyright (c) 2011, the Dart project authors. Please see the AUTHORS file
	// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
	// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

	#include "vm/scavenger.h"

	#include <algorithm>
	#include <map>
	#include <utility>

	#include "vm/dart.h"
	#include "vm/dart_api_state.h"
	#include "vm/isolate.h"
	#include "vm/object.h"
	#include "vm/stack_frame.h"
	#include "vm/store_buffer.h"
	#include "vm/verifier.h"
	#include "vm/visitor.h"

	namespace dart {

	// Scavenger uses RawObject::kFreeBit to distinguish forwaded and non-forwarded
	// objects because scavenger can never encounter free list element during
	// evacuation and thus all objects scavenger encounters have
	// kFreeBit cleared.
	enum {
	kForwardingMask = 1,
	kNotForwarded = 0,
	kForwarded = 1,
	};


	static inline bool IsForwarding(uword header) {
	uword bits = header & kForwardingMask;
	ASSERT((bits == kNotForwarded) \|\| (bits == kForwarded));
	return bits == kForwarded;
	}


	static inline uword ForwardedAddr(uword header) {
	ASSERT(IsForwarding(header));
	return header & ~kForwardingMask;
	}


	static inline void ForwardTo(uword orignal, uword target) {
	// Make sure forwarding can be encoded.
	ASSERT((target & kForwardingMask) == 0);
	reinterpret_cast<uword>(orignal) = target \| kForwarded;
	}


	class ScavengerVisitor : public ObjectPointerVisitor {
	public:
	explicit ScavengerVisitor(Isolate* isolate, Scavenger* scavenger)
	: ObjectPointerVisitor(isolate),
	scavenger_(scavenger),
	heap_(scavenger->heap_),
	vm_heap_(Dart::vm_isolate()->heap()),
	visiting_old_pointers_(false) {}

	void VisitPointers(RawObject first, RawObject last) {
	for (RawObject** current = first; current <= last; current++) {
	ScavengePointer(current);
	}
	}

	void VisitingOldPointers(bool value) { visiting_old_pointers_ = value; }

	void DelayWeakProperty(RawWeakProperty* raw_weak) {
	RawObject* raw_key = raw_weak->ptr()->key_;
	DelaySet::iterator it = delay_set_.find(raw_key);
	if (it != delay_set_.end()) {
	ASSERT(raw_key->IsWatched());
	} else {
	ASSERT(!raw_key->IsWatched());
	raw_key->SetWatchedBit();
	}
	delay_set_.insert(std::make_pair(raw_key, raw_weak));
	}

	void Finalize() {
	DelaySet::iterator it = delay_set_.begin();
	for (; it != delay_set_.end(); ++it) {
	WeakProperty::Clear(it->second);
	}
	}

	private:
	void UpdateStoreBuffer(RawObject** p, RawObject* obj) {
	uword ptr = reinterpret_cast<uword>(p);
	ASSERT(obj->IsHeapObject());
	ASSERT(!scavenger_->Contains(ptr));
	ASSERT(!heap_->CodeContains(ptr));
	ASSERT(heap_->Contains(ptr));
	// If the newly written object is not a new object, drop it immediately.
	if (!obj->IsNewObject()) return;
	isolate()->store_buffer()->AddPointer(ptr);
	}

	void ScavengePointer(RawObject** p) {
	RawObject* raw_obj = *p;

	// Fast exit if the raw object is a Smi or an old object.
	if (!raw_obj->IsHeapObject() \|\| raw_obj->IsOldObject()) {
	return;
	}

	uword raw_addr = RawObject::ToAddr(raw_obj);
	// Objects should be contained in the heap.
	// TODO(iposva): Add an appropriate assert here or in the return block
	// below.
	// The scavenger is only interested in objects located in the from space.
	if (!scavenger_->from_->Contains(raw_addr)) {
	return;
	}

	// Read the header word of the object and determine if the object has
	// already been copied.
	uword header = reinterpret_cast<uword>(raw_addr);
	uword new_addr = 0;
	if (IsForwarding(header)) {
	// Get the new location of the object.
	new_addr = ForwardedAddr(header);
	} else if (raw_obj->IsWatched()) {
	// Forward the object by scavenging its watchers.
	raw_obj->ClearWatchedBit();
	std::pair<DelaySet::iterator, DelaySet::iterator> ret;
	// Visit all elements with a key equal to raw_obj.
	ret = delay_set_.equal_range(raw_obj);
	for (DelaySet::iterator it = ret.first; it != ret.second; ++it) {
	// Scavenge the delayed WeakProperty. These objects have been
	// forwarded but have not been scavenged because their key
	// object was not known to be reachable. Now that the key
	// object is known to be reachable we can scavenge the key and
	// value pointers.
	it->second->VisitPointers(this);
	}
	delay_set_.erase(ret.first, ret.second);
	// Reread the header word to get the new location of the object.
	header = reinterpret_cast<uword>(raw_addr);
	ASSERT(IsForwarding(header));
	new_addr = ForwardedAddr(header);
	} else {
	intptr_t size = raw_obj->Size();
	// Check whether object should be promoted.
	if (scavenger_->survivor_end_ <= raw_addr) {
	// Not a survivor of a previous scavenge. Just copy the object into the
	// to space.
	new_addr = scavenger_->TryAllocate(size);
	} else {
	// TODO(iposva): Experiment with less aggressive promotion. For example
	// a coin toss determines if an object is promoted or whether it should
	// survive in this generation.
	//
	// This object is a survivor of a previous scavenge. Attempt to promote
	// the object.
	new_addr = heap_->TryAllocate(size, Heap::kOld);
	if (new_addr != 0) {
	// If promotion succeeded then we need to remember it so that it can
	// be traversed later.
	scavenger_->PushToPromotedStack(new_addr);
	} else {
	// Promotion did not succeed. Copy into the to space instead.
	scavenger_->had_promotion_failure_ = true;
	new_addr = scavenger_->TryAllocate(size);
	}
	}
	// During a scavenge we always succeed to at least copy all of the
	// current objects to the to space.
	ASSERT(new_addr != 0);
	// Copy the object to the new location.
	memmove(reinterpret_cast<void*>(new_addr),
	reinterpret_cast<void*>(raw_addr),
	size);
	// Remember forwarding address.
	ForwardTo(raw_addr, new_addr);
	}
	// Update the reference.
	RawObject* new_obj = RawObject::FromAddr(new_addr);
	*p = new_obj;
	// Update the store buffer as needed.
	if (visiting_old_pointers_) {
	UpdateStoreBuffer(p, new_obj);
	}
	}

	Scavenger* scavenger_;
	Heap* heap_;
	Heap* vm_heap_;
	typedef std::multimap<RawObject, RawWeakProperty> DelaySet;
	DelaySet delay_set_;

	bool visiting_old_pointers_;

	DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ScavengerVisitor);
	};


	class ScavengerWeakVisitor : public HandleVisitor {
	public:
	explicit ScavengerWeakVisitor(Scavenger* scavenger) : scavenger_(scavenger) {
	}

	void VisitHandle(uword addr) {
	FinalizablePersistentHandle* handle =
	reinterpret_cast<FinalizablePersistentHandle*>(addr);
	RawObject** p = handle->raw_addr();
	if (scavenger_->IsUnreachable(p)) {
	FinalizablePersistentHandle::Finalize(handle);
	}
	}

	private:
	Scavenger* scavenger_;

	DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ScavengerWeakVisitor);
	};


	// Visitor used to verify that all old->new references have been added to the
	// StoreBuffers.
	class VerifyStoreBufferPointerVisitor : public ObjectPointerVisitor {
	public:
	VerifyStoreBufferPointerVisitor(Isolate* isolate, MemoryRegion* to)
	: ObjectPointerVisitor(isolate), to_(to) {}

	void VisitPointers(RawObject first, RawObject last) {
	for (RawObject** current = first; current <= last; current++) {
	RawObject* obj = *current;
	if (obj->IsHeapObject() && obj->IsNewObject()) {
	ASSERT(to_->Contains(RawObject::ToAddr(obj)));
	}
	}
	}

	private:
	MemoryRegion* to_;

	DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(VerifyStoreBufferPointerVisitor);
	};


	Scavenger::Scavenger(Heap* heap, intptr_t max_capacity, uword object_alignment)
	: heap_(heap),
	object_alignment_(object_alignment),
	count_(0),
	scavenging_(false) {
	// Verify assumptions about the first word in objects which the scavenger is
	// going to use for forwarding pointers.
	ASSERT(Object::tags_offset() == 0);
	ASSERT(kForwardingMask == (1 << RawObject::kFreeBit));

	// Allocate the virtual memory for this scavenge heap.
	space_ = VirtualMemory::Reserve(max_capacity);
	ASSERT(space_ != NULL);

	// Allocate the entire space at the beginning.
	space_->Commit(false);

	// Setup the semi spaces.
	uword semi_space_size = space_->size() / 2;
	ASSERT((semi_space_size & (VirtualMemory::PageSize() - 1)) == 0);
	to_ = new MemoryRegion(space_->address(), semi_space_size);
	uword middle = space_->start() + semi_space_size;
	from_ = new MemoryRegion(reinterpret_cast<void*>(middle), semi_space_size);

	// Make sure that the two semi-spaces are aligned properly.
	ASSERT(Utils::IsAligned(to_->start(), kObjectAlignment));
	ASSERT(Utils::IsAligned(from_->start(), kObjectAlignment));

	// Setup local fields.
	top_ = FirstObjectStart();
	resolved_top_ = top_;
	end_ = to_->end();

	survivor_end_ = FirstObjectStart();

	#if defined(DEBUG)
	memset(to_->pointer(), 0xf3, to_->size());
	memset(from_->pointer(), 0xf3, from_->size());
	#endif // defined(DEBUG)
	}


	Scavenger::~Scavenger() {
	delete to_;
	delete from_;
	delete space_;
	}


	void Scavenger::Prologue(Isolate* isolate, bool invoke_api_callbacks) {
	if (invoke_api_callbacks) {
	isolate->gc_prologue_callbacks().Invoke();
	}
	// Flip the two semi-spaces so that to_ is always the space for allocating
	// objects.
	MemoryRegion* temp = from_;
	from_ = to_;
	to_ = temp;
	top_ = FirstObjectStart();
	resolved_top_ = top_;
	end_ = to_->end();
	}


	void Scavenger::Epilogue(Isolate* isolate, bool invoke_api_callbacks) {
	// All objects in the to space have been copied from the from space at this
	// moment.
	survivor_end_ = top_;

	#if defined(DEBUG)
	VerifyStoreBufferPointerVisitor verify_store_buffer_visitor(isolate, to_);
	heap_->IterateOldPointers(&verify_store_buffer_visitor);

	memset(from_->pointer(), 0xf3, from_->size());
	#endif // defined(DEBUG)
	if (invoke_api_callbacks) {
	isolate->gc_epilogue_callbacks().Invoke();
	}
	}


	void Scavenger::IterateStoreBuffers(Isolate* isolate,
	ScavengerVisitor* visitor) {
	// Iterating through the store buffers.
	visitor->VisitingOldPointers(true);
	// Grab the deduplication sets out of the store buffer.
	StoreBuffer::DedupSet* pending = isolate->store_buffer()->DedupSets();
	intptr_t entries = 0;
	intptr_t duplicates = 0;
	while (pending != NULL) {
	StoreBuffer::DedupSet* next = pending->next();
	HashSet* set = pending->set();
	intptr_t count = set->Count();
	intptr_t size = set->Size();
	intptr_t handled = 0;
	entries += count;
	for (intptr_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
	RawObject pointer = reinterpret_cast<RawObject>(set->At(i));
	if (pointer != NULL) {
	RawObject* value = *pointer;
	// Skip entries that have been overwritten with Smis.
	if (value->IsHeapObject()) {
	if (from_->Contains(RawObject::ToAddr(value))) {
	visitor->VisitPointer(pointer);
	} else {
	duplicates++;
	}
	}
	handled++;
	if (handled == count) {
	break;
	}
	}
	}
	delete pending;
	pending = next;
	}
	if (FLAG_verbose_gc) {
	OS::PrintErr("StoreBuffer: %"Pd", %"Pd" (entries, dups)\n",
	entries, duplicates);
	}
	StoreBufferBlock* block = isolate->store_buffer_block();
	entries = block->Count();
	duplicates = 0;
	for (intptr_t i = 0; i < entries; i++) {
	RawObject pointer = reinterpret_cast<RawObject>(block->At(i));
	RawObject* value = *pointer;
	if (value->IsHeapObject()) {
	if (from_->Contains(RawObject::ToAddr(value))) {
	visitor->VisitPointer(pointer);
	} else {
	duplicates++;
	}
	}
	}
	block->Reset();
	if (FLAG_verbose_gc) {
	OS::PrintErr("StoreBufferBlock: %"Pd", %"Pd" (entries, dups)\n",
	entries, duplicates);
	}
	// Done iterating through the store buffers.
	visitor->VisitingOldPointers(false);
	}


	void Scavenger::IterateRoots(Isolate* isolate,
	ScavengerVisitor* visitor,
	bool visit_prologue_weak_persistent_handles) {
	IterateStoreBuffers(isolate, visitor);
	isolate->VisitObjectPointers(visitor,
	visit_prologue_weak_persistent_handles,
	StackFrameIterator::kDontValidateFrames);
	}


	bool Scavenger::IsUnreachable(RawObject** p) {
	RawObject* raw_obj = *p;
	if (!raw_obj->IsHeapObject()) {
	return false;
	}
	if (!raw_obj->IsNewObject()) {
	return false;
	}
	uword raw_addr = RawObject::ToAddr(raw_obj);
	if (!from_->Contains(raw_addr)) {
	return false;
	}
	uword header = reinterpret_cast<uword>(raw_addr);
	if (IsForwarding(header)) {
	uword new_addr = ForwardedAddr(header);
	*p = RawObject::FromAddr(new_addr);
	return false;
	}
	return true;
	}


	void Scavenger::IterateWeakReferences(Isolate* isolate,
	ScavengerVisitor* visitor) {
	ApiState* state = isolate->api_state();
	ASSERT(state != NULL);
	while (true) {
	WeakReferenceSet* queue = state->delayed_weak_reference_sets();
	if (queue == NULL) {
	// The delay queue is empty therefore no clean-up is required.
	return;
	}
	state->set_delayed_weak_reference_sets(NULL);
	while (queue != NULL) {
	WeakReferenceSet* reference_set = WeakReferenceSet::Pop(&queue);
	ASSERT(reference_set != NULL);
	bool is_unreachable = true;
	// Test each key object for reachability. If a key object is
	// reachable, all value objects should be scavenged.
	for (intptr_t k = 0; k < reference_set->num_keys(); ++k) {
	if (!IsUnreachable(reference_set->get_key(k))) {
	for (intptr_t v = 0; v < reference_set->num_values(); ++v) {
	visitor->VisitPointer(reference_set->get_value(v));
	}
	is_unreachable = false;
	delete reference_set;
	break;
	}
	}
	// If all key objects are unreachable put the reference on a
	// delay queue. This reference will be revisited if another
	// reference is scavenged.
	if (is_unreachable) {
	state->DelayWeakReferenceSet(reference_set);
	}
	}
	if ((resolved_top_ < top_) \|\| PromotedStackHasMore()) {
	ProcessToSpace(visitor);
	} else {
	// Break out of the loop if there has been no forward process.
	break;
	}
	}
	// Deallocate any unreachable references on the delay queue.
	if (state->delayed_weak_reference_sets() != NULL) {
	WeakReferenceSet* queue = state->delayed_weak_reference_sets();
	state->set_delayed_weak_reference_sets(NULL);
	while (queue != NULL) {
	delete WeakReferenceSet::Pop(&queue);
	}
	}
	}


	void Scavenger::IterateWeakRoots(Isolate* isolate,
	HandleVisitor* visitor,
	bool visit_prologue_weak_persistent_handles) {
	isolate->VisitWeakPersistentHandles(visitor,
	visit_prologue_weak_persistent_handles);
	}


	void Scavenger::ProcessToSpace(ScavengerVisitor* visitor) {
	// Iterate until all work has been drained.
	while ((resolved_top_ < top_) \|\| PromotedStackHasMore()) {
	while (resolved_top_ < top_) {
	RawObject* raw_obj = RawObject::FromAddr(resolved_top_);
	intptr_t class_id = raw_obj->GetClassId();
	if (class_id != kWeakPropertyCid) {
	resolved_top_ += raw_obj->VisitPointers(visitor);
	} else {
	RawWeakProperty* raw_weak = reinterpret_cast<RawWeakProperty*>(raw_obj);
	resolved_top_ += ProcessWeakProperty(raw_weak, visitor);
	}
	}
	visitor->VisitingOldPointers(true);
	while (PromotedStackHasMore()) {
	RawObject* raw_object = RawObject::FromAddr(PopFromPromotedStack());
	// Resolve or copy all objects referred to by the current object. This
	// can potentially push more objects on this stack as well as add more
	// objects to be resolved in the to space.
	raw_object->VisitPointers(visitor);
	}
	visitor->VisitingOldPointers(false);
	}
	}


	uword Scavenger::ProcessWeakProperty(RawWeakProperty* raw_weak,
	ScavengerVisitor* visitor) {
	// The fate of the weak property is determined by its key.
	RawObject* raw_key = raw_weak->ptr()->key_;
	if (raw_key->IsHeapObject() && raw_key->IsNewObject()) {
	uword raw_addr = RawObject::ToAddr(raw_key);
	uword header = reinterpret_cast<uword>(raw_addr);
	if (!IsForwarding(header)) {
	// Key is white. Delay the weak property.
	visitor->DelayWeakProperty(raw_weak);
	return raw_weak->Size();
	}
	}
	// Key is gray or black. Make the weak property black.
	return raw_weak->VisitPointers(visitor);
	}


	void Scavenger::ProcessPeerReferents() {
	PeerTable prev;
	std::swap(prev, peer_table_);
	for (PeerTable::iterator it = prev.begin(); it != prev.end(); ++it) {
	RawObject* raw_obj = it->first;
	ASSERT(raw_obj->IsHeapObject());
	uword raw_addr = RawObject::ToAddr(raw_obj);
	uword header = reinterpret_cast<uword>(raw_addr);
	if (IsForwarding(header)) {
	// The object has survived. Preserve its record.
	uword new_addr = ForwardedAddr(header);
	raw_obj = RawObject::FromAddr(new_addr);
	heap_->SetPeer(raw_obj, it->second);
	}
	}
	}


	void Scavenger::VisitObjectPointers(ObjectPointerVisitor* visitor) const {
	uword cur = FirstObjectStart();
	while (cur < top_) {
	RawObject* raw_obj = RawObject::FromAddr(cur);
	cur += raw_obj->VisitPointers(visitor);
	}
	}


	void Scavenger::VisitObjects(ObjectVisitor* visitor) const {
	uword cur = FirstObjectStart();
	while (cur < top_) {
	RawObject* raw_obj = RawObject::FromAddr(cur);
	visitor->VisitObject(raw_obj);
	cur += raw_obj->Size();
	}
	}


	void Scavenger::Scavenge(const char* gc_reason) {
	// TODO(cshapiro): Add a decision procedure for determining when the
	// the API callbacks should be invoked.
	Scavenge(false, gc_reason);
	}


	void Scavenger::Scavenge(bool invoke_api_callbacks, const char* gc_reason) {
	// Scavenging is not reentrant. Make sure that is the case.
	ASSERT(!scavenging_);
	scavenging_ = true;
	had_promotion_failure_ = false;
	Isolate* isolate = Isolate::Current();
	NoHandleScope no_handles(isolate);

	if (FLAG_verify_before_gc) {
	OS::PrintErr("Verifying before Scavenge...");
	heap_->Verify();
	OS::PrintErr(" done.\n");
	}

	if (FLAG_verbose_gc) {
	OS::PrintErr("Start scavenge for %s collection\n", gc_reason);
	}
	Timer timer(FLAG_verbose_gc, "Scavenge");
	timer.Start();
	// Setup the visitor and run a scavenge.
	ScavengerVisitor visitor(isolate, this);
	Prologue(isolate, invoke_api_callbacks);
	IterateRoots(isolate, &visitor, !invoke_api_callbacks);
	ProcessToSpace(&visitor);
	IterateWeakReferences(isolate, &visitor);
	ScavengerWeakVisitor weak_visitor(this);
	IterateWeakRoots(isolate, &weak_visitor, invoke_api_callbacks);
	visitor.Finalize();
	ProcessPeerReferents();
	Epilogue(isolate, invoke_api_callbacks);
	timer.Stop();
	if (FLAG_verbose_gc) {
	OS::PrintErr("Scavenge[%d]: %"Pd64"us\n",
	count_,
	timer.TotalElapsedTime());
	}

	if (FLAG_verify_after_gc) {
	OS::PrintErr("Verifying after Scavenge...");
	heap_->Verify();
	OS::PrintErr(" done.\n");
	}

	count_++;
	// Done scavenging. Reset the marker.
	ASSERT(scavenging_);
	scavenging_ = false;
	}


	void Scavenger::WriteProtect(bool read_only) {
	space_->Protect(
	read_only ? VirtualMemory::kReadOnly : VirtualMemory::kReadWrite);
	}


	void Scavenger::SetPeer(RawObject* raw_obj, void* peer) {
	if (peer == NULL) {
	peer_table_.erase(raw_obj);
	} else {
	peer_table_[raw_obj] = peer;
	}
	}


	void* Scavenger::GetPeer(RawObject* raw_obj) {
	PeerTable::iterator it = peer_table_.find(raw_obj);
	return (it == peer_table_.end()) ? NULL : it->second;
	}


	int64_t Scavenger::PeerCount() const {
	return static_cast<int64_t>(peer_table_.size());
	}

	} // namespace dart