Add type inference code to generate Instantiation nodes.

Fixes #31586.

Note that none of the back-ends handle Instantiation nodes yet, so the
language_2 tests added in this CL
(instantiate_tearoff_after_contravariance_check_test,
instantiate_tearoff_of_call_test, and instantiate_tearoff_test) fail
pretty much across the board right now.

Includes two fixes to Instantiation.getStaticType and the kernel type checker:

- Previously, they attempted to perform substitution on the full
  function type, which had no effect because the type parameters were
  bound.

- The type checker was not checking that type parameter bounds were
  satisfied.

Note that the front end doesn't yet check that type parameter bounds
are satisfied by the inferred type parameters.  I will address that in
a follow-up CL.

Change-Id: Ib0ad7a5fc5f4a2fdc8c99abe1f2d3d15b21a4974
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/29744
Commit-Queue: Paul Berry <paulberry@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Konstantin Shcheglov <scheglov@google.com>
30 files changed
tree: d336608b0cf9a6ae5c59f4c7ef50c29747bfbd4f
  1. build/
  2. client/
  3. docs/
  4. pkg/
  5. runtime/
  6. samples/
  7. samples-dev/
  8. sdk/
  9. tests/
  10. third_party/
  11. tools/
  12. utils/
  13. .clang-format
  14. .gitattributes
  15. .gitignore
  16. .gn
  17. .mailmap
  18. .packages
  19. AUTHORS
  20. BUILD.gn
  21. CHANGELOG.md
  22. codereview.settings
  23. DEPS
  24. LICENSE
  25. PATENTS
  26. PRESUBMIT.py
  27. README.dart-sdk
  28. README.md
  29. WATCHLISTS
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