pkg/dev_compiler/lib/src/kernel/compiler.dart

// Copyright (c) 2017, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

import 'dart:collection';
import 'dart:convert';
import 'dart:math' show max, min;

import 'package:front_end/src/api_unstable/ddc.dart' show TypeSchemaEnvironment;
import 'package:kernel/class_hierarchy.dart';
import 'package:kernel/core_types.dart';
import 'package:kernel/kernel.dart' hide MapEntry;
import 'package:kernel/library_index.dart';
import 'package:kernel/type_algebra.dart';
import 'package:kernel/type_environment.dart';
import 'package:source_span/source_span.dart' show SourceLocation;
import 'package:path/path.dart' as p;

import '../compiler/js_names.dart' as js_ast;
import '../compiler/js_utils.dart' as js_ast;
import '../compiler/module_builder.dart' show pathToJSIdentifier;
import '../compiler/shared_command.dart' show SharedCompilerOptions;
import '../compiler/shared_compiler.dart';
import '../js_ast/js_ast.dart' as js_ast;
import '../js_ast/js_ast.dart' show js;
import '../js_ast/source_map_printer.dart' show NodeEnd, NodeSpan, HoverComment;
import 'constants.dart';
import 'js_interop.dart';
import 'js_typerep.dart';
import 'kernel_helpers.dart';
import 'native_types.dart';
import 'nullable_inference.dart';
import 'property_model.dart';
import 'type_table.dart';

class ProgramCompiler extends ComputeOnceConstantVisitor<js_ast.Expression>
    with SharedCompiler<Library, Class, InterfaceType, FunctionNode>
    implements
        StatementVisitor<js_ast.Statement>,
        ExpressionVisitor<js_ast.Expression>,
        DartTypeVisitor<js_ast.Expression> {
  final SharedCompilerOptions _options;

  /// Maps a library URI import, that is not in [_libraries], to the
  /// corresponding Kernel summary module we imported it with.
  final _importToSummary = Map<Library, Component>.identity();

  /// Maps a Kernel summary to the JS import name for the module.
  final _summaryToModule = Map<Component, String>.identity();

  /// The variable for the current catch clause
  VariableDeclaration _rethrowParameter;

  /// In an async* function, this represents the stream controller parameter.
  js_ast.TemporaryId _asyncStarController;

  Set<Class> _pendingClasses;

  /// Temporary variables mapped to their corresponding JavaScript variable.
  final _tempVariables = <VariableDeclaration, js_ast.TemporaryId>{};

  /// Let variables collected for the given function.
  List<js_ast.TemporaryId> _letVariables;

  final _constTable = _emitTemporaryId("CT");

  // Constant getters used to populate the constant table.
  final _constLazyAccessors = List<js_ast.Method>();

  /// Tracks the index in [moduleItems] where the const table must be inserted.
  /// Required for SDK builds due to internal circular dependencies.
  /// E.g., dart.constList depends on JSArray.
  int _constTableInsertionIndex = 0;

  /// The class that is emitting its base class or mixin references, otherwise
  /// null.
  ///
  /// This is not used when inside the class method bodies, or for other type
  /// information such as `implements`.
  Class _classEmittingExtends;

  /// The class that is emitting its signature information, otherwise null.
  Class _classEmittingSignatures;

  /// The current element being loaded.
  /// We can use this to determine if we're loading top-level code or not:
  ///
  ///     _currentClass == _classEmittingTopLevel
  ///
  Class _currentClass;

  /// The current source file URI for emitting in the source map.
  Uri _currentUri;

  Component _component;

  Library _currentLibrary;

  FunctionNode _currentFunction;

  /// Whether we are currently generating code for the body of a `JS()` call.
  bool _isInForeignJS = false;

  /// Table of named and possibly hoisted types.
  TypeTable _typeTable;

  /// The global extension type table.
  // TODO(jmesserly): rename to `_nativeTypes`
  final NativeTypeSet _extensionTypes;

  final CoreTypes _coreTypes;

  final TypeEnvironment _types;

  final ClassHierarchy _hierarchy;

  /// Information about virtual and overridden fields/getters/setters in the
  /// class we're currently compiling, or `null` if we aren't compiling a class.
  ClassPropertyModel _classProperties;

  /// Information about virtual fields for all libraries in the current build
  /// unit.
  final _virtualFields = VirtualFieldModel();

  final JSTypeRep _typeRep;

  bool _superAllowed = true;

  final _superHelpers = Map<String, js_ast.Method>();

  // Compilation of Kernel's [BreakStatement].
  //
  // Kernel represents Dart's `break` and `continue` uniformly as
  // [BreakStatement], by representing a loop continue as a break from the
  // loop's body.  [BreakStatement] always targets an enclosing
  // [LabeledStatement] statement directly without naming it.  (Continue to
  // a labeled switch case is not represented by a [BreakStatement].)
  //
  // We prefer to compile to `continue` where possible and to avoid labeling
  // statements where it is not necessary.  We maintain some state to track
  // which statements can be targets of break or continue without a label, which
  // statements must be labeled to be targets, and the labels that have been
  // assigned.

  /// A list of statements that can be the target of break without a label.
  ///
  /// A [BreakStatement] targeting any [LabeledStatement] in this list can be
  /// compiled to a break without a label.  All the statements in the list have
  /// the same effective target which must compile to something that can be
  /// targeted by break in JS.  This list and [_currentContinueTargets] are
  /// disjoint.
  List<LabeledStatement> _currentBreakTargets = [];

  /// A list of statements that can be the target of a continue without a label.
  ///
  /// A [BreakStatement] targeting any [LabeledStatement] in this list can be
  /// compiled to a continue without a label.  All the statements in this list
  /// have the same effective target which must compile to something that can be
  /// targeted by continue in JS.  This list and [_currentBreakTargets] are
  /// disjoint.
  List<LabeledStatement> _currentContinueTargets = [];

  /// A map from labeled statements to their 'effective targets'.
  ///
  /// The effective target of a labeled loop body is the enclosing loop.  A
  /// [BreakStatement] targeting this statement can be compiled to `continue`
  /// either with or without a label.  The effective target of a labeled
  /// statement that is not a loop body is the outermost non-labeled statement
  /// that it encloses.  A [BreakStatement] targeting this statement can be
  /// compiled to `break` either with or without a label.
  final _effectiveTargets = HashMap<LabeledStatement, Statement>.identity();

  /// A map from effective targets to their label names.
  ///
  /// If the target needs to be labeled when compiled to JS, because it was
  /// targeted by a break or continue with a label, then this map contains the
  /// label name that was assigned to it.
  final _labelNames = HashMap<Statement, String>.identity();

  /// Indicates that the current context exists within a switch statement that
  /// uses at least one continue statement with a target label.
  ///
  /// JS forbids labels at case statement boundaries, so these switch
  /// statements must be generated less directly.
  /// Updated from the method 'visitSwitchStatement'.
  bool _inLabeledContinueSwitch = false;

  /// A map from switch statements to their state information.
  /// State information includes the names of the switch statement's implicit
  /// label name and implicit state variable name.
  ///
  /// Entries are only created for switch statements that contain labeled
  /// continue statements and are used to simulate "jumping" to case statements.
  /// State variables hold the next constant case expression, while labels act
  /// as targets for continue and break.
  final _switchLabelStates = HashMap<Statement, _SwitchLabelState>();

  /// Maps Kernel constants to their JS aliases.
  final constAliasCache = HashMap<Constant, js_ast.Expression>();

  final Class _jsArrayClass;
  final Class _privateSymbolClass;
  final Class _linkedHashMapImplClass;
  final Class _identityHashMapImplClass;
  final Class _linkedHashSetClass;
  final Class _linkedHashSetImplClass;
  final Class _identityHashSetImplClass;
  final Class _syncIterableClass;
  final Class _asyncStarImplClass;

  /// The dart:async `StreamIterator<T>` type.
  final Class _asyncStreamIteratorClass;

  final DevCompilerConstants _constants;

  final NullableInference _nullableInference;

  factory ProgramCompiler(Component component, ClassHierarchy hierarchy,
      SharedCompilerOptions options) {
    var coreTypes = CoreTypes(component);
    var types = TypeSchemaEnvironment(coreTypes, hierarchy);
    var constants = DevCompilerConstants();
    var nativeTypes = NativeTypeSet(coreTypes, constants);
    var jsTypeRep = JSTypeRep(types, hierarchy);
    return ProgramCompiler._(coreTypes, coreTypes.index, nativeTypes, constants,
        types, hierarchy, jsTypeRep, NullableInference(jsTypeRep), options);
  }

  ProgramCompiler._(
      this._coreTypes,
      LibraryIndex sdk,
      this._extensionTypes,
      this._constants,
      this._types,
      this._hierarchy,
      this._typeRep,
      this._nullableInference,
      this._options)
      : _jsArrayClass = sdk.getClass('dart:_interceptors', 'JSArray'),
        _asyncStreamIteratorClass =
            sdk.getClass('dart:async', 'StreamIterator'),
        _privateSymbolClass = sdk.getClass('dart:_js_helper', 'PrivateSymbol'),
        _linkedHashMapImplClass = sdk.getClass('dart:_js_helper', 'LinkedMap'),
        _identityHashMapImplClass =
            sdk.getClass('dart:_js_helper', 'IdentityMap'),
        _linkedHashSetClass = sdk.getClass('dart:collection', 'LinkedHashSet'),
        _linkedHashSetImplClass = sdk.getClass('dart:collection', '_HashSet'),
        _identityHashSetImplClass =
            sdk.getClass('dart:collection', '_IdentityHashSet'),
        _syncIterableClass = sdk.getClass('dart:_js_helper', 'SyncIterable'),
        _asyncStarImplClass = sdk.getClass('dart:async', '_AsyncStarImpl');

  @override
  Uri get currentLibraryUri => _currentLibrary.importUri;

  @override
  Library get currentLibrary => _currentLibrary;

  @override
  Library get coreLibrary => _coreTypes.coreLibrary;

  @override
  FunctionNode get currentFunction => _currentFunction;

  @override
  InterfaceType get privateSymbolType =>
      _coreTypes.legacyRawType(_privateSymbolClass);

  @override
  InterfaceType get internalSymbolType =>
      _coreTypes.legacyRawType(_coreTypes.internalSymbolClass);

  js_ast.Program emitModule(Component component, List<Component> summaries,
      List<Uri> summaryUris, Map<Uri, String> moduleImportForSummary) {
    if (moduleItems.isNotEmpty) {
      throw StateError('Can only call emitModule once.');
    }
    _component = component;

    for (var i = 0; i < summaries.length; i++) {
      var summary = summaries[i];
      var moduleImport = moduleImportForSummary[summaryUris[i]];
      for (var l in summary.libraries) {
        assert(!_importToSummary.containsKey(l));
        _importToSummary[l] = summary;
        _summaryToModule[summary] = moduleImport;
      }
    }

    var libraries = component.libraries.where((l) => !l.isExternal);

    // Initialize our library variables.
    var items = startModule(libraries);
    _nullableInference.allowNotNullDeclarations = isBuildingSdk;
    _typeTable = TypeTable(runtimeModule);

    // Collect all class/type Element -> Node mappings
    // in case we need to forward declare any classes.
    _pendingClasses = HashSet.identity();
    for (var l in libraries) {
      _pendingClasses.addAll(l.classes);
    }

    // TODO(markzipan): Don't emit this when compiling the SDK.
    moduleItems
        .add(js.statement("const # = Object.create(null);", [_constTable]));
    _constTableInsertionIndex = moduleItems.length;

    // Add implicit dart:core dependency so it is first.
    emitLibraryName(_coreTypes.coreLibrary);

    // Visit each library and emit its code.
    //
    // NOTE: clases are not necessarily emitted in this order.
    // Order will be changed as needed so the resulting code can execute.
    // This is done by forward declaring items.
    libraries.forEach(_emitLibrary);

    // This can cause problems if it's ever true during the SDK build, as it's
    // emitted before dart.defineLazy.
    if (_constLazyAccessors.isNotEmpty) {
      var constTableBody = runtimeStatement(
          'defineLazy(#, { # })', [_constTable, _constLazyAccessors]);
      moduleItems.insert(_constTableInsertionIndex, constTableBody);
      _constLazyAccessors.clear();
    }

    moduleItems.addAll(afterClassDefItems);
    afterClassDefItems.clear();

    // Visit directives (for exports)
    libraries.forEach(_emitExports);

    // Declare imports and extension symbols
    emitImportsAndExtensionSymbols(items);

    // Discharge the type table cache variables and
    // hoisted definitions.
    items.addAll(_typeTable.discharge());

    return finishModule(items, _options.moduleName);
  }

  @override
  String jsLibraryName(Library library) {
    var uri = library.importUri;
    if (uri.scheme == 'dart') {
      return isSdkInternalRuntime(library) ? 'dart' : uri.path;
    }
    return pathToJSIdentifier(p.withoutExtension(uri.pathSegments.last));
  }

  @override
  String jsLibraryAlias(Library library) {
    var uri = library.importUri.normalizePath();
    if (uri.scheme == 'dart') return null;

    Iterable<String> segments;
    if (uri.scheme == 'package') {
      // Strip the package name.
      segments = uri.pathSegments.skip(1);
    } else {
      segments = uri.pathSegments;
    }

    var qualifiedPath =
        pathToJSIdentifier(p.withoutExtension(segments.join('/')));
    return qualifiedPath == jsLibraryName(library) ? null : qualifiedPath;
  }

  @override
  String jsLibraryDebuggerName(Library library) => '${library.importUri}';

  @override
  Iterable<String> jsPartDebuggerNames(Library library) =>
      library.parts.map((part) => part.partUri);

  @override
  bool isSdkInternalRuntime(Library l) {
    var uri = l.importUri;
    return uri.scheme == 'dart' && uri.path == '_runtime';
  }

  @override
  String libraryToModule(Library library) {
    if (library.importUri.scheme == 'dart') {
      // TODO(jmesserly): we need to split out HTML.
      return js_ast.dartSdkModule;
    }
    var summary = _importToSummary[library];
    var moduleName = _summaryToModule[summary];
    if (moduleName == null) {
      throw StateError('Could not find module name for library "$library" '
          'from component "$summary".');
    }
    return moduleName;
  }

  void _emitLibrary(Library library) {
    // NOTE: this method isn't the right place to initialize per-library state.
    // Classes can be visited out of order, so this is only to catch things that
    // haven't been emitted yet.
    //
    // See _emitClass.
    assert(_currentLibrary == null);
    _currentLibrary = library;

    if (isSdkInternalRuntime(library)) {
      // `dart:_runtime` uses a different order for bootstrapping.
      //
      // Functions are first because we use them to associate type info
      // (such as `dart.fn`), then classes/typedefs, then fields
      // (which instantiate classes).
      //
      // For other libraries, we start with classes/types, because functions
      // often use classes/types from the library in their signature.
      //
      // TODO(jmesserly): we can merge these once we change signatures to be
      // lazily associated at the tear-off point for top-level functions.
      _emitLibraryProcedures(library);
      _emitTopLevelFields(library.fields);
      library.classes.forEach(_emitClass);
    } else {
      library.classes.forEach(_emitClass);
      _emitLibraryProcedures(library);
      _emitTopLevelFields(library.fields);
    }

    _currentLibrary = null;
  }

  void _emitExports(Library library) {
    assert(_currentLibrary == null);
    _currentLibrary = library;

    library.additionalExports.forEach(_emitExport);

    _currentLibrary = null;
  }

  void _emitExport(Reference export) {
    var library = _currentLibrary;

    // We only need to export main as it is the only method part of the
    // publicly exposed JS API for a library.
    // TODO(jacobr): add a library level annotation indicating that all
    // contents of a library need to be exposed to JS.
    // https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/26368

    var node = export.node;
    if (node is Procedure && node.name.name == 'main') {
      // Don't allow redefining names from this library.
      var name = _emitTopLevelName(export.node);
      moduleItems.add(js.statement(
          '#.# = #;', [emitLibraryName(library), name.selector, name]));
    }
  }

  /// Called to emit class declarations.
  ///
  /// During the course of emitting one item, we may emit another. For example
  ///
  ///     class D extends B { C m() { ... } }
  ///
  /// Because D depends on B, we'll emit B first if needed. However C is not
  /// used by top-level JavaScript code, so we can ignore that dependency.
  void _emitClass(Class c) {
    if (!_pendingClasses.remove(c)) return;

    var savedClass = _currentClass;
    var savedLibrary = _currentLibrary;
    var savedUri = _currentUri;
    _currentClass = c;
    _types.thisType = c.thisType;
    _currentLibrary = c.enclosingLibrary;
    _currentUri = c.fileUri;

    moduleItems.add(_emitClassDeclaration(c));

    // The const table depends on dart.defineLazy, so emit it after the SDK.
    if (isSdkInternalRuntime(_currentLibrary)) {
      _constTableInsertionIndex = moduleItems.length;
    }

    _currentClass = savedClass;
    _types.thisType = savedClass?.thisType;
    _currentLibrary = savedLibrary;
    _currentUri = savedUri;
  }

  /// To emit top-level classes, we sometimes need to reorder them.
  ///
  /// This function takes care of that, and also detects cases where reordering
  /// failed, and we need to resort to lazy loading, by marking the element as
  /// lazy. All elements need to be aware of this possibility and generate code
  /// accordingly.
  ///
  /// If we are not emitting top-level code, this does nothing, because all
  /// declarations are assumed to be available before we start execution.
  /// See [startTopLevel].
  void _declareBeforeUse(Class c) {
    if (c != null && _emittingClassExtends) {
      _emitClass(c);
    }
  }

  static js_ast.Identifier _emitIdentifier(String name) =>
      js_ast.Identifier(js_ast.toJSIdentifier(name));

  static js_ast.TemporaryId _emitTemporaryId(String name) =>
      js_ast.TemporaryId(js_ast.toJSIdentifier(name));

  js_ast.Statement _emitClassDeclaration(Class c) {
    // Mixins are unrolled in _defineClass.
    if (c.isAnonymousMixin) return null;

    // If this class is annotated with `@JS`, then there is nothing to emit.
    if (findAnnotation(c, isPublicJSAnnotation) != null) return null;

    // Generic classes will be defined inside a function that closes over the
    // type parameter. So we can use their local variable name directly.
    //
    // TODO(jmesserly): the special case for JSArray is to support its special
    // type-tagging factory constructors. Those will go away once we fix:
    // https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/31003
    var className = c.typeParameters.isNotEmpty
        ? (c == _jsArrayClass
            ? _emitIdentifier(c.name)
            : _emitTemporaryId(getLocalClassName(c)))
        : _emitTopLevelName(c);

    var savedClassProperties = _classProperties;
    _classProperties =
        ClassPropertyModel.build(_types, _extensionTypes, _virtualFields, c);

    var jsCtors = _defineConstructors(c, className);
    var jsMethods = _emitClassMethods(c);

    var body = <js_ast.Statement>[];
    _emitSuperHelperSymbols(body);
    var deferredSupertypes = <js_ast.Statement>[];

    // Emit the class, e.g. `core.Object = class Object { ... }`
    _defineClass(c, className, jsMethods, body, deferredSupertypes);
    body.addAll(jsCtors);

    // Emit things that come after the ES6 `class ... { ... }`.
    var jsPeerNames = _extensionTypes.getNativePeers(c);
    if (jsPeerNames.length == 1 && c.typeParameters.isNotEmpty) {
      // Special handling for JSArray<E>
      body.add(runtimeStatement('setExtensionBaseClass(#, #.global.#)',
          [className, runtimeModule, jsPeerNames[0]]));
    }

    var finishGenericTypeTest = _emitClassTypeTests(c, className, body);

    _emitVirtualFieldSymbols(c, body);
    _emitClassSignature(c, className, body);
    _initExtensionSymbols(c);
    if (!c.isMixinDeclaration) {
      _defineExtensionMembers(className, body);
    }
    _emitClassMetadata(c.annotations, className, body);

    var classDef = js_ast.Statement.from(body);
    var typeFormals = c.typeParameters;
    if (typeFormals.isNotEmpty) {
      classDef = _defineClassTypeArguments(
          c, typeFormals, classDef, className, deferredSupertypes);
    } else {
      afterClassDefItems.addAll(deferredSupertypes);
    }

    body = [classDef];
    _emitStaticFields(c, body);
    if (finishGenericTypeTest != null) body.add(finishGenericTypeTest);
    for (var peer in jsPeerNames) {
      _registerExtensionType(c, peer, body);
    }

    _classProperties = savedClassProperties;
    return js_ast.Statement.from(body);
  }

  /// Wraps a possibly generic class in its type arguments.
  js_ast.Statement _defineClassTypeArguments(
      NamedNode c, List<TypeParameter> formals, js_ast.Statement body,
      [js_ast.Expression className, List<js_ast.Statement> deferredBaseClass]) {
    assert(formals.isNotEmpty);
    var name = getTopLevelName(c);
    var jsFormals = _emitTypeFormals(formals);
    var typeConstructor = js.call('(#) => { #; #; return #; }', [
      jsFormals,
      _typeTable.discharge(formals),
      body,
      className ?? _emitIdentifier(name)
    ]);

    var genericArgs = [
      typeConstructor,
      if (deferredBaseClass != null && deferredBaseClass.isNotEmpty)
        js.call('(#) => { #; }', [jsFormals, deferredBaseClass]),
    ];

    var genericCall = runtimeCall('generic(#)', [genericArgs]);

    var genericName = _emitTopLevelNameNoInterop(c, suffix: '\$');
    return js.statement('{ # = #; # = #(); }',
        [genericName, genericCall, _emitTopLevelName(c), genericName]);
  }

  js_ast.Statement _emitClassStatement(Class c, js_ast.Expression className,
      js_ast.Expression heritage, List<js_ast.Method> methods) {
    if (c.typeParameters.isNotEmpty) {
      return js_ast.ClassExpression(
              className as js_ast.Identifier, heritage, methods)
          .toStatement();
    }
    var classExpr = js_ast.ClassExpression(
        _emitTemporaryId(getLocalClassName(c)), heritage, methods);
    return js.statement('# = #;', [className, classExpr]);
  }

  /// Like [_emitClassStatement] but emits a Dart 2.1 mixin represented by
  /// [c].
  ///
  /// Mixins work similar to normal classes, but their instance methods close
  /// over the actual superclass. Given a Dart class like:
  ///
  ///     mixin M on C {
  ///       foo() => super.foo() + 42;
  ///     }
  ///
  /// We generate a JS class like this:
  ///
  ///     lib.M = class M extends core.Object {}
  ///     lib.M[dart.mixinOn] = (C) => class M extends C {
  ///       foo() {
  ///         return super.foo() + 42;
  ///       }
  ///     };
  ///
  /// The special `dart.mixinOn` symbolized property is used by the runtime
  /// helper `dart.applyMixin`. The helper calls the function with the actual
  /// base class, and then copies the resulting members to the destination
  /// class.
  ///
  /// In the long run we may be able to improve this so we do not have the
  /// unnecessary class, but for now, this lets us get the right semantics with
  /// minimal compiler and runtime changes.
  void _emitMixinStatement(
      Class c,
      js_ast.Expression className,
      js_ast.Expression heritage,
      List<js_ast.Method> methods,
      List<js_ast.Statement> body) {
    var staticMethods = methods.where((m) => m.isStatic).toList();
    var instanceMethods = methods.where((m) => !m.isStatic).toList();

    body.add(_emitClassStatement(c, className, heritage, staticMethods));
    var superclassId = _emitTemporaryId(getLocalClassName(c.superclass));
    var classId = className is js_ast.Identifier
        ? className
        : _emitTemporaryId(getLocalClassName(c));

    var mixinMemberClass =
        js_ast.ClassExpression(classId, superclassId, instanceMethods);

    js_ast.Node arrowFnBody = mixinMemberClass;
    var extensionInit = <js_ast.Statement>[];
    _defineExtensionMembers(classId, extensionInit);
    if (extensionInit.isNotEmpty) {
      extensionInit.insert(0, mixinMemberClass.toStatement());
      extensionInit.add(classId.toReturn());
      arrowFnBody = js_ast.Block(extensionInit);
    }

    body.add(js.statement('#[#.mixinOn] = #', [
      className,
      runtimeModule,
      js_ast.ArrowFun([superclassId], arrowFnBody)
    ]));
  }

  void _defineClass(
      Class c,
      js_ast.Expression className,
      List<js_ast.Method> methods,
      List<js_ast.Statement> body,
      List<js_ast.Statement> deferredSupertypes) {
    if (c == _coreTypes.objectClass) {
      body.add(_emitClassStatement(c, className, null, methods));
      return;
    }

    js_ast.Expression emitDeferredType(DartType t) {
      if (t is InterfaceType && t.typeArguments.isNotEmpty) {
        _declareBeforeUse(t.classNode);
        return _emitGenericClassType(t, t.typeArguments.map(emitDeferredType));
      }
      return _emitType(t);
    }

    bool shouldDefer(InterfaceType t) {
      var visited = Set<DartType>();
      bool defer(DartType t) {
        if (t is InterfaceType) {
          var tc = t.classNode;
          if (c == tc) return true;
          if (tc == _coreTypes.objectClass || !visited.add(t)) return false;
          if (t.typeArguments.any(defer)) return true;
          var mixin = tc.mixedInType;
          return mixin != null && defer(mixin.asInterfaceType) ||
              defer(tc.supertype.asInterfaceType);
        }
        if (t is TypedefType) {
          return t.typeArguments.any(defer);
        }
        if (t is FunctionType) {
          return defer(t.returnType) ||
              t.positionalParameters.any(defer) ||
              t.namedParameters.any((np) => defer(np.type)) ||
              t.typeParameters.any((tp) => defer(tp.bound));
        }
        return false;
      }

      return defer(t);
    }

    emitClassRef(InterfaceType t) {
      // TODO(jmesserly): investigate this. It seems like `lazyJSType` is
      // invalid for use in an `extends` clause, hence this workaround.
      return _emitJSInterop(t.classNode) ?? visitInterfaceType(t);
    }

    getBaseClass(int count) {
      var base = emitDeferredType(c.thisType);
      while (--count >= 0) {
        base = js.call('#.__proto__', [base]);
      }
      return base;
    }

    // Find the real (user declared) superclass and the list of mixins.
    // We'll use this to unroll the intermediate classes.
    //
    // TODO(jmesserly): consider using Kernel's mixin unrolling.
    var mixinClasses = <Class>[];
    var superclass = getSuperclassAndMixins(c, mixinClasses);
    var supertype = identical(c.superclass, superclass)
        ? c.supertype.asInterfaceType
        : _hierarchy.getClassAsInstanceOf(c, superclass).asInterfaceType;
    mixinClasses = mixinClasses.reversed.toList();
    var mixins = mixinClasses
        .map((m) => _hierarchy.getClassAsInstanceOf(c, m).asInterfaceType)
        .toList();

    var hasUnnamedSuper = _hasUnnamedInheritedConstructor(superclass);

    void emitMixinConstructors(
        js_ast.Expression className, InterfaceType mixin) {
      js_ast.Statement mixinCtor;
      if (_hasUnnamedConstructor(mixin.classNode)) {
        mixinCtor = js.statement('#.#.call(this);', [
          emitClassRef(mixin),
          _usesMixinNew(mixin.classNode)
              ? runtimeCall('mixinNew')
              : _constructorName('')
        ]);
      }

      for (var ctor in superclass.constructors) {
        var savedUri = _currentUri;
        _currentUri = ctor.enclosingClass.fileUri;
        var jsParams = _emitParameters(ctor.function);
        _currentUri = savedUri;
        var name = ctor.name.name;
        var ctorBody = [
          if (mixinCtor != null) mixinCtor,
          if (name != '' || hasUnnamedSuper)
            _emitSuperConstructorCall(className, name, jsParams),
        ];
        body.add(_addConstructorToClass(
            c, className, name, js_ast.Fun(jsParams, js_ast.Block(ctorBody))));
      }
    }

    var savedTopLevelClass = _classEmittingExtends;
    _classEmittingExtends = c;

    // Unroll mixins.
    if (shouldDefer(supertype)) {
      deferredSupertypes.add(runtimeStatement('setBaseClass(#, #)', [
        getBaseClass(isMixinAliasClass(c) ? 0 : mixins.length),
        emitDeferredType(supertype),
      ]));
      supertype = _coreTypes.legacyRawType(supertype.classNode);
    }
    var baseClass = emitClassRef(supertype);

    if (isMixinAliasClass(c)) {
      // Given `class C = Object with M [implements I1, I2 ...];`
      // The resulting class C should work as a mixin.
      //
      // TODO(jmesserly): is there any way to merge this with the other mixin
      // code paths, or will these always need special handling?
      body.add(_emitClassStatement(c, className, baseClass, []));

      var m = c.mixedInType.asInterfaceType;
      bool deferMixin = shouldDefer(m);
      var mixinBody = deferMixin ? deferredSupertypes : body;
      var mixinClass = deferMixin ? emitDeferredType(m) : emitClassRef(m);
      var classExpr = deferMixin ? getBaseClass(0) : className;

      mixinBody
          .add(runtimeStatement('applyMixin(#, #)', [classExpr, mixinClass]));

      if (methods.isNotEmpty) {
        // However we may need to add some methods to this class that call
        // `super` such as covariance checks.
        //
        // We do this with the following pattern:
        //
        //     applyMixin(C, class C$ extends M { <methods>  });
        mixinBody.add(runtimeStatement('applyMixin(#, #)', [
          classExpr,
          js_ast.ClassExpression(
              _emitTemporaryId(getLocalClassName(c)), mixinClass, methods)
        ]));
      }

      emitMixinConstructors(className, m);

      _classEmittingExtends = savedTopLevelClass;
      return;
    }

    // TODO(jmesserly): we need to unroll kernel mixins because the synthetic
    // classes lack required synthetic members, such as constructors.
    //
    // Also, we need to generate one extra level of nesting for alias classes.
    for (int i = 0; i < mixins.length; i++) {
      var m = mixins[i];
      var mixinName =
          getLocalClassName(superclass) + '_' + getLocalClassName(m.classNode);
      var mixinId = _emitTemporaryId(mixinName + '\$');
      // Bind the mixin class to a name to workaround a V8 bug with es6 classes
      // and anonymous function names.
      // TODO(leafp:) Eliminate this once the bug is fixed:
      // https://bugs.chromium.org/p/v8/issues/detail?id=7069
      body.add(js.statement("const # = #", [
        mixinId,
        js_ast.ClassExpression(_emitTemporaryId(mixinName), baseClass, [])
      ]));

      emitMixinConstructors(mixinId, m);
      hasUnnamedSuper = hasUnnamedSuper || _hasUnnamedConstructor(m.classNode);

      if (shouldDefer(m)) {
        deferredSupertypes.add(runtimeStatement('applyMixin(#, #)',
            [getBaseClass(mixins.length - i), emitDeferredType(m)]));
      } else {
        body.add(
            runtimeStatement('applyMixin(#, #)', [mixinId, emitClassRef(m)]));
      }

      baseClass = mixinId;
    }

    if (c.isMixinDeclaration) {
      _emitMixinStatement(c, className, baseClass, methods, body);
    } else {
      body.add(_emitClassStatement(c, className, baseClass, methods));
    }

    _classEmittingExtends = savedTopLevelClass;
  }

  /// Defines all constructors for this class as ES5 constructors.
  List<js_ast.Statement> _defineConstructors(
      Class c, js_ast.Expression className) {
    var body = <js_ast.Statement>[];
    if (c.isAnonymousMixin || isMixinAliasClass(c)) {
      // We already handled this when we defined the class.
      return body;
    }

    addConstructor(String name, js_ast.Expression jsCtor) {
      body.add(_addConstructorToClass(c, className, name, jsCtor));
    }

    var fields = c.fields;
    for (var ctor in c.constructors) {
      if (ctor.isExternal) continue;
      addConstructor(ctor.name.name, _emitConstructor(ctor, fields, className));
    }

    // If classElement has only factory constructors, and it can be mixed in,
    // then we need to emit a special hidden default constructor for use by
    // mixins.
    if (_usesMixinNew(c)) {
      body.add(
          js.statement('(#[#] = function() { # }).prototype = #.prototype;', [
        className,
        runtimeCall('mixinNew'),
        [_initializeFields(fields)],
        className
      ]));
    }

    return body;
  }

  js_ast.Statement _emitClassTypeTests(
      Class c, js_ast.Expression className, List<js_ast.Statement> body) {
    js_ast.Expression getInterfaceSymbol(Class interface) {
      var library = interface.enclosingLibrary;
      if (library == _coreTypes.coreLibrary ||
          library == _coreTypes.asyncLibrary) {
        switch (interface.name) {
          case 'List':
          case 'Map':
          case 'Iterable':
          case 'Future':
          case 'Stream':
          case 'StreamSubscription':
            return runtimeCall('is' + interface.name);
        }
      }
      return null;
    }

    void markSubtypeOf(js_ast.Expression testSymbol) {
      body.add(js.statement('#.prototype[#] = true', [className, testSymbol]));
    }

    for (var iface in c.implementedTypes) {
      var prop = getInterfaceSymbol(iface.classNode);
      if (prop != null) markSubtypeOf(prop);
    }

    // TODO(jmesserly): share these hand coded type checks with the old back
    // end, perhaps by factoring them into a common file, or move them to be
    // static methdos in the SDK. (Or wait until we delete the old back end.)
    if (c.enclosingLibrary == _coreTypes.coreLibrary) {
      if (c == _coreTypes.objectClass) {
        // Everything is an Object.
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#.is = function is_Object(o) { return true; }', [className]));
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#.as = function as_Object(o) { return o; }', [className]));
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#._check = function check_Object(o) { return o; }', [className]));
        return null;
      }
      if (c == _coreTypes.stringClass) {
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#.is = function is_String(o) { return typeof o == "string"; }',
            className));
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#.as = function as_String(o) {'
            '  if (typeof o == "string" || o == null) return o;'
            '  return #.as(o, #, false);'
            '}',
            [className, runtimeModule, className]));
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#._check = function check_String(o) {'
            '  if (typeof o == "string" || o == null) return o;'
            '  return #.as(o, #, true);'
            '}',
            [className, runtimeModule, className]));
        return null;
      }
      if (c == _coreTypes.functionClass) {
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#.is = function is_Function(o) { return typeof o == "function"; }',
            className));
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#.as = function as_Function(o) {'
            '  if (typeof o == "function" || o == null) return o;'
            '  return #.as(o, #, false);'
            '}',
            [className, runtimeModule, className]));
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#._check = function check_String(o) {'
            '  if (typeof o == "function" || o == null) return o;'
            '  return #.as(o, #, true);'
            '}',
            [className, runtimeModule, className]));
        return null;
      }
      if (c == _coreTypes.intClass) {
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#.is = function is_int(o) {'
            '  return typeof o == "number" && Math.floor(o) == o;'
            '}',
            className));
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#.as = function as_int(o) {'
            '  if ((typeof o == "number" && Math.floor(o) == o) || o == null)'
            '    return o;'
            '  return #.as(o, #, false);'
            '}',
            [className, runtimeModule, className]));
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#._check = function check_int(o) {'
            '  if ((typeof o == "number" && Math.floor(o) == o) || o == null)'
            '    return o;'
            '  return #.as(o, #, true);'
            '}',
            [className, runtimeModule, className]));
        return null;
      }
      if (c == _coreTypes.nullClass) {
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#.is = function is_Null(o) { return o == null; }', className));
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#.as = function as_Null(o) {'
            '  if (o == null) return o;'
            '  return #.as(o, #, false);'
            '}',
            [className, runtimeModule, className]));
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#._check = function check_Null(o) {'
            '  if (o == null) return o;'
            '  return #.as(o, #, true);'
            '}',
            [className, runtimeModule, className]));
        return null;
      }
      if (c == _coreTypes.numClass || c == _coreTypes.doubleClass) {
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#.is = function is_num(o) { return typeof o == "number"; }',
            className));
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#.as = function as_num(o) {'
            '  if (typeof o == "number" || o == null) return o;'
            '  return #.as(o, #, false);'
            '}',
            [className, runtimeModule, className]));
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#._check = function check_num(o) {'
            '  if (typeof o == "number" || o == null) return o;'
            '  return #.as(o, #, true);'
            '}',
            [className, runtimeModule, className]));
        return null;
      }
      if (c == _coreTypes.boolClass) {
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#.is = function is_bool(o) { return o === true || o === false; }',
            className));
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#.as = function as_bool(o) {'
            '  if (o === true || o === false || o == null) return o;'
            '  return #.as(o, #, false);'
            '}',
            [className, runtimeModule, className]));
        body.add(js.statement(
            '#._check = function check_bool(o) {'
            '  if (o === true || o === false || o == null) return o;'
            '  return #.as(o, #, true);'
            '}',
            [className, runtimeModule, className]));
        return null;
      }
    }
    if (c.enclosingLibrary == _coreTypes.asyncLibrary) {
      if (c == _coreTypes.futureOrClass) {
        var typeParam = TypeParameterType(c.typeParameters[0]);
        var typeT = visitTypeParameterType(typeParam);
        var futureOfT = visitInterfaceType(
            InterfaceType(_coreTypes.futureClass, [typeParam]));
        body.add(js.statement('''
            #.is = function is_FutureOr(o) {
              return #.is(o) || #.is(o);
            }
            ''', [className, typeT, futureOfT]));
        // TODO(jmesserly): remove the fallback to `dart.as`. It's only for the
        // _ignoreTypeFailure logic.
        body.add(js.statement('''
            #.as = function as_FutureOr(o) {
              if (o == null || #.is(o) || #.is(o)) return o;
              return #.as(o, this, false);
            }
            ''', [className, typeT, futureOfT, runtimeModule]));
        body.add(js.statement('''
            #._check = function check_FutureOr(o) {
              if (o == null || #.is(o) || #.is(o)) return o;
              return #.as(o, this, true);
            }
            ''', [className, typeT, futureOfT, runtimeModule]));
        return null;
      }
    }

    body.add(runtimeStatement('addTypeTests(#)', [className]));

    if (c.typeParameters.isEmpty) return null;

    // For generics, testing against the default instantiation is common,
    // so optimize that.
    var isClassSymbol = getInterfaceSymbol(c);
    if (isClassSymbol == null) {
      // TODO(jmesserly): we could export these symbols, if we want to mark
      // implemented interfaces for user-defined classes.
      var id = _emitTemporaryId("_is_${getLocalClassName(c)}_default");
      moduleItems.add(
          js.statement('const # = Symbol(#);', [id, js.string(id.name, "'")]));
      isClassSymbol = id;
    }
    // Marking every generic type instantiation as a subtype of its default
    // instantiation.
    markSubtypeOf(isClassSymbol);

    // Define the type tests on the default instantiation to check for that
    // marker.
    var defaultInst = _emitTopLevelName(c);

    // Return this `addTypeTests` call so we can emit it outside of the generic
    // type parameter scope.
    return runtimeStatement('addTypeTests(#, #)', [defaultInst, isClassSymbol]);
  }

  void _emitDartSymbols(
      Iterable<js_ast.TemporaryId> vars, List<js_ast.ModuleItem> body) {
    for (var id in vars) {
      body.add(js.statement('const # = Symbol(#)', [id, js.string(id.name)]));
    }
  }

  void _emitSuperHelperSymbols(List<js_ast.Statement> body) {
    _emitDartSymbols(
        _superHelpers.values.map((m) => m.name as js_ast.TemporaryId), body);
    _superHelpers.clear();
  }

  /// Emits static fields for a class, and initialize them eagerly if possible,
  /// otherwise define them as lazy properties.
  void _emitStaticFields(Class c, List<js_ast.Statement> body) {
    var fields = c.fields
        .where((f) => f.isStatic && getRedirectingFactories(f) == null)
        .toList();
    if (c.isEnum) {
      // We know enum fields can be safely emitted as const fields, as long
      // as the `values` field is emitted last.
      var classRef = _emitTopLevelName(c);
      var valueField = fields.firstWhere((f) => f.name.name == 'values');
      fields.remove(valueField);
      fields.add(valueField);
      for (var f in fields) {
        assert(f.isConst);
        body.add(defineValueOnClass(
                c,
                classRef,
                _emitStaticMemberName(f.name.name),
                _visitInitializer(f.initializer, f.annotations))
            .toStatement());
      }
    } else if (fields.isNotEmpty) {
      body.add(_emitLazyFields(_emitTopLevelName(c), fields,
          (n) => _emitStaticMemberName(n.name.name)));
    }
  }

  void _emitClassMetadata(List<Expression> metadata,
      js_ast.Expression className, List<js_ast.Statement> body) {
    // Metadata
    if (_options.emitMetadata && metadata.isNotEmpty) {
      body.add(js.statement('#[#.metadata] = #;', [
        className,
        runtimeModule,
        _arrowFunctionWithLetScope(() => js_ast.ArrayInitializer(
            metadata.map(_instantiateAnnotation).toList()))
      ]));
    }
  }

  /// Ensure `dartx.` symbols we will use are present.
  void _initExtensionSymbols(Class c) {
    if (_extensionTypes.hasNativeSubtype(c) || c == _coreTypes.objectClass) {
      for (var m in c.procedures) {
        if (!m.isAbstract && !m.isStatic && !m.name.isPrivate) {
          _declareMemberName(m, useExtension: true);
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /// If a concrete class implements one of our extensions, we might need to
  /// add forwarders.
  void _defineExtensionMembers(
      js_ast.Expression className, List<js_ast.Statement> body) {
    void emitExtensions(String helperName, Iterable<String> extensions) {
      if (extensions.isEmpty) return;
      var names = extensions
          .map((e) => propertyName(js_ast.memberNameForDartMember(e)))
          .toList();
      body.add(js.statement('#.#(#, #);', [
        runtimeModule,
        helperName,
        className,
        js_ast.ArrayInitializer(names, multiline: names.length > 4)
      ]));
    }

    var props = _classProperties;
    emitExtensions('defineExtensionMethods', props.extensionMethods);
    emitExtensions('defineExtensionAccessors', props.extensionAccessors);
  }

  /// Emit the signature on the class recording the runtime type information
  void _emitClassSignature(
      Class c, js_ast.Expression className, List<js_ast.Statement> body) {
    var savedClass = _classEmittingSignatures;
    _classEmittingSignatures = c;

    var interfaces = c.implementedTypes.toList()
      ..addAll(c.superclassConstraints());
    if (interfaces.isNotEmpty) {
      body.add(js.statement('#[#.implements] = () => [#];', [
        className,
        runtimeModule,
        interfaces.map((i) => _emitType(i.asInterfaceType))
      ]));
    }

    void emitSignature(String name, List<js_ast.Property> elements) {
      if (elements.isEmpty) return;

      if (!name.startsWith('Static')) {
        var proto = c == _coreTypes.objectClass
            ? js.call('Object.create(null)')
            : runtimeCall('get${name}s(#.__proto__)', [className]);
        elements.insert(0, js_ast.Property(propertyName('__proto__'), proto));
      }
      body.add(runtimeStatement('set${name}Signature(#, () => #)', [
        className,
        js_ast.ObjectInitializer(elements, multiline: elements.length > 1)
      ]));
    }

    var extMethods = _classProperties.extensionMethods;
    var extAccessors = _classProperties.extensionAccessors;
    var staticMethods = <js_ast.Property>[];
    var instanceMethods = <js_ast.Property>[];
    var staticGetters = <js_ast.Property>[];
    var instanceGetters = <js_ast.Property>[];
    var staticSetters = <js_ast.Property>[];
    var instanceSetters = <js_ast.Property>[];
    List<js_ast.Property> getSignatureList(Procedure p) {
      if (p.isStatic) {
        if (p.isGetter) {
          return staticGetters;
        } else if (p.isSetter) {
          return staticSetters;
        } else {
          return staticMethods;
        }
      } else {
        if (p.isGetter) {
          return instanceGetters;
        } else if (p.isSetter) {
          return instanceSetters;
        } else {
          return instanceMethods;
        }
      }
    }

    var classProcedures = c.procedures.where((p) => !p.isAbstract).toList();
    for (var member in classProcedures) {
      // Static getters/setters/methods cannot be called with dynamic dispatch,
      // nor can they be torn off.
      if (!_options.emitMetadata && member.isStatic) continue;

      var name = member.name.name;
      var reifiedType = _getMemberRuntimeType(member, c) as FunctionType;

      // Don't add redundant signatures for inherited methods whose signature
      // did not change.  If we are not overriding, or if the thing we are
      // overriding has a different reified type from ourselves, we must
      // emit a signature on this class.  Otherwise we will inherit the
      // signature from the superclass.
      var memberOverride = c.superclass != null
          ? _hierarchy.getDispatchTarget(c.superclass, member.name,
              setter: member.isSetter)
          : null;

      var needsSignature = memberOverride == null ||
          reifiedType != _getMemberRuntimeType(memberOverride, c);

      if (needsSignature) {
        js_ast.Expression type;
        if (member.isAccessor) {
          type = _emitAnnotatedResult(
              _emitType(member.isGetter
                  ? reifiedType.returnType
                  : reifiedType.positionalParameters[0]),
              member.annotations,
              member);
        } else {
          type = _emitAnnotatedFunctionType(reifiedType, member);
        }
        var property = js_ast.Property(_declareMemberName(member), type);
        var signatures = getSignatureList(member);
        signatures.add(property);
        if (!member.isStatic &&
            (extMethods.contains(name) || extAccessors.contains(name))) {
          signatures.add(js_ast.Property(
              _declareMemberName(member, useExtension: true), type));
        }
      }
    }

    emitSignature('Method', instanceMethods);
    emitSignature('StaticMethod', staticMethods);
    emitSignature('Getter', instanceGetters);
    emitSignature('Setter', instanceSetters);
    emitSignature('StaticGetter', staticGetters);
    emitSignature('StaticSetter', staticSetters);
    body.add(runtimeStatement('setLibraryUri(#, #)', [
      className,
      js.escapedString(jsLibraryDebuggerName(c.enclosingLibrary))
    ]));

    var instanceFields = <js_ast.Property>[];
    var staticFields = <js_ast.Property>[];

    var classFields = c.fields.toList();
    for (var field in classFields) {
      // Only instance fields need to be saved for dynamic dispatch.
      var isStatic = field.isStatic;
      if (!_options.emitMetadata && isStatic) continue;

      var memberName = _declareMemberName(field);
      var fieldSig = _emitFieldSignature(field, c);
      (isStatic ? staticFields : instanceFields)
          .add(js_ast.Property(memberName, fieldSig));
    }
    emitSignature('Field', instanceFields);
    emitSignature('StaticField', staticFields);

    if (_options.emitMetadata) {
      var constructors = <js_ast.Property>[];
      var allConstructors = [
        ...c.constructors,
        ...c.procedures.where((p) => p.isFactory),
      ];
      for (var ctor in allConstructors) {
        var memberName = _constructorName(ctor.name.name);
        var type = _emitAnnotatedFunctionType(
            ctor.function.thisFunctionType.withoutTypeParameters, ctor);
        constructors.add(js_ast.Property(memberName, type));
      }
      emitSignature('Constructor', constructors);
    }

    // Add static property dart._runtimeType to Object.
    // All other Dart classes will (statically) inherit this property.
    if (c == _coreTypes.objectClass) {
      body.add(runtimeStatement('lazyFn(#, () => #.#)',
          [className, emitLibraryName(_coreTypes.coreLibrary), 'Type']));
    }

    _classEmittingSignatures = savedClass;
  }

  js_ast.Expression _emitFieldSignature(Field field, Class fromClass) {
    var type = _getTypeFromClass(field.type, field.enclosingClass, fromClass);
    var args = [_emitType(type)];
    var annotations = field.annotations;
    if (_options.emitMetadata &&
        annotations != null &&
        annotations.isNotEmpty) {
      var savedUri = _currentUri;
      _currentUri = field.enclosingClass.fileUri;
      args.add(js_ast.ArrayInitializer(
          annotations.map(_instantiateAnnotation).toList()));
      _currentUri = savedUri;
    }
    return runtimeCall(
        field.isFinal ? 'finalFieldType(#)' : 'fieldType(#)', [args]);
  }

  DartType _getMemberRuntimeType(Member member, Class fromClass) {
    var f = member.function;
    if (f == null) {
      return (member as Field).type;
    }
    FunctionType result;
    if (!f.positionalParameters.any(isCovariantParameter) &&
        !f.namedParameters.any(isCovariantParameter)) {
      result = f.thisFunctionType;
    } else {
      reifyParameter(VariableDeclaration p) =>
          isCovariantParameter(p) ? _coreTypes.objectClass.thisType : p.type;
      reifyNamedParameter(VariableDeclaration p) =>
          NamedType(p.name, reifyParameter(p));

      // TODO(jmesserly): do covariant type parameter bounds also need to be
      // reified as `Object`?
      result = FunctionType(
          f.positionalParameters.map(reifyParameter).toList(), f.returnType,
          namedParameters: f.namedParameters.map(reifyNamedParameter).toList()
            ..sort(),
          typeParameters: f.thisFunctionType.typeParameters,
          requiredParameterCount: f.requiredParameterCount);
    }
    return _getTypeFromClass(result, member.enclosingClass, fromClass)
        as FunctionType;
  }

  DartType _getTypeFromClass(DartType type, Class superclass, Class subclass) {
    if (identical(superclass, subclass)) return type;
    return Substitution.fromSupertype(
            _hierarchy.getClassAsInstanceOf(subclass, superclass))
        .substituteType(type);
  }

  js_ast.Expression _emitConstructor(
      Constructor node, List<Field> fields, js_ast.Expression className) {
    var savedUri = _currentUri;
    _currentUri = node.fileUri ?? savedUri;
    var params = _emitParameters(node.function);
    var body = _withCurrentFunction(
        node.function,
        () => _superDisallowed(
            () => _emitConstructorBody(node, fields, className)));

    var end = _nodeEnd(node.fileEndOffset);
    _currentUri = savedUri;
    end ??= _nodeEnd(node.enclosingClass.fileEndOffset);

    return js_ast.Fun(params, js_ast.Block(body))..sourceInformation = end;
  }

  List<js_ast.Statement> _emitConstructorBody(
      Constructor node, List<Field> fields, js_ast.Expression className) {
    var cls = node.enclosingClass;

    // Generate optional/named argument value assignment. These can not have
    // side effects, and may be used by the constructor's initializers, so it's
    // nice to do them first.
    // Also for const constructors we need to ensure default values are
    // available for use by top-level constant initializers.
    var fn = node.function;
    var body = _emitArgumentInitializers(fn);

    // Redirecting constructors: these are not allowed to have initializers,
    // and the redirecting ctor invocation runs before field initializers.
    var redirectCall = node.initializers
            .firstWhere((i) => i is RedirectingInitializer, orElse: () => null)
        as RedirectingInitializer;

    if (redirectCall != null) {
      body.add(_emitRedirectingConstructor(redirectCall, className));
      return body;
    }

    // Generate field initializers.
    // These are expanded into each non-redirecting constructor.
    // In the future we may want to create an initializer function if we have
    // multiple constructors, but it needs to be balanced against readability.
    body.add(_initializeFields(fields, node));

    // If no superinitializer is provided, an implicit superinitializer of the
    // form `super()` is added at the end of the initializer list, unless the
    // enclosing class is class Object.
    var superCall = node.initializers.firstWhere((i) => i is SuperInitializer,
        orElse: () => null) as SuperInitializer;
    var jsSuper = _emitSuperConstructorCallIfNeeded(cls, className, superCall);
    if (jsSuper != null) {
      body.add(jsSuper..sourceInformation = _nodeStart(superCall));
    }

    body.add(_emitFunctionScopedBody(fn));
    return body;
  }

  js_ast.Expression _constructorName(String name) {
    if (name == '') {
      // Default constructors (factory or not) use `new` as their name.
      return propertyName('new');
    }
    return _emitStaticMemberName(name);
  }

  js_ast.Statement _emitRedirectingConstructor(
      RedirectingInitializer node, js_ast.Expression className) {
    var ctor = node.target;
    // We can't dispatch to the constructor with `this.new` as that might hit a
    // derived class constructor with the same name.
    return js.statement('#.#.call(this, #);', [
      className,
      _constructorName(ctor.name.name),
      _emitArgumentList(node.arguments, types: false)
    ]);
  }

  js_ast.Statement _emitSuperConstructorCallIfNeeded(
      Class c, js_ast.Expression className,
      [SuperInitializer superInit]) {
    if (c == _coreTypes.objectClass) return null;

    Constructor ctor;
    List<js_ast.Expression> args;
    if (superInit == null) {
      ctor = unnamedConstructor(c.superclass);
      args = [];
    } else {
      ctor = superInit.target;
      args = _emitArgumentList(superInit.arguments, types: false);
    }
    // We can skip the super call if it's empty. Most commonly this happens for
    // things that extend Object, and don't have any field initializers or their
    // own default constructor.
    if (ctor.name.name == '' && !_hasUnnamedSuperConstructor(c)) {
      return null;
    }
    return _emitSuperConstructorCall(className, ctor.name.name, args);
  }

  js_ast.Statement _emitSuperConstructorCall(
      js_ast.Expression className, String name, List<js_ast.Expression> args) {
    return js.statement('#.__proto__.#.call(this, #);',
        [className, _constructorName(name), args ?? []]);
  }

  bool _hasUnnamedInheritedConstructor(Class c) {
    if (c == null) return false;
    return _hasUnnamedConstructor(c) || _hasUnnamedSuperConstructor(c);
  }

  bool _hasUnnamedSuperConstructor(Class c) {
    return _hasUnnamedConstructor(c.mixedInClass) ||
        _hasUnnamedInheritedConstructor(c.superclass);
  }

  bool _hasUnnamedConstructor(Class c) {
    if (c == null || c == _coreTypes.objectClass) return false;
    var ctor = unnamedConstructor(c);
    if (ctor != null && !ctor.isSynthetic) return true;
    return c.fields.any((f) => !f.isStatic);
  }

  /// Initialize fields. They follow the sequence:
  ///
  ///   1. field declaration initializer if non-const,
  ///   2. field initializing parameters,
  ///   3. constructor field initializers,
  ///   4. initialize fields not covered in 1-3
  js_ast.Statement _initializeFields(List<Field> fields, [Constructor ctor]) {
    // Run field initializers if they can have side-effects.
    Set<Field> ctorFields;
    if (ctor != null) {
      ctorFields = ctor.initializers
          .map((c) => c is FieldInitializer ? c.field : null)
          .toSet()
            ..remove(null);
    }

    var body = <js_ast.Statement>[];
    emitFieldInit(Field f, Expression initializer, TreeNode hoverInfo) {
      var access = _classProperties.virtualFields[f] ?? _declareMemberName(f);
      var jsInit = _visitInitializer(initializer, f.annotations);
      body.add(jsInit
          .toAssignExpression(js.call('this.#', [access])
            ..sourceInformation = _nodeStart(hoverInfo))
          .toStatement());
    }

    for (var f in fields) {
      if (f.isStatic) continue;
      var init = f.initializer;
      if (ctorFields != null &&
          ctorFields.contains(f) &&
          (init == null || _constants.isConstant(init))) {
        continue;
      }
      emitFieldInit(f, init, f);
    }

    // Run constructor field initializers such as `: foo = bar.baz`
    if (ctor != null) {
      for (var init in ctor.initializers) {
        if (init is FieldInitializer) {
          emitFieldInit(init.field, init.value, init);
        } else if (init is LocalInitializer) {
          body.add(visitVariableDeclaration(init.variable));
        } else if (init is AssertInitializer) {
          body.add(visitAssertStatement(init.statement));
        }
      }
    }

    return js_ast.Statement.from(body);
  }

  js_ast.Expression _visitInitializer(
      Expression init, List<Expression> annotations) {
    // explicitly initialize to null, to avoid getting `undefined`.
    // TODO(jmesserly): do this only for vars that aren't definitely assigned.
    if (init == null) return js_ast.LiteralNull();
    return _annotatedNullCheck(annotations)
        ? notNull(init)
        : _visitExpression(init);
  }

  js_ast.Expression notNull(Expression expr) {
    if (expr == null) return null;
    var jsExpr = _visitExpression(expr);
    if (!isNullable(expr)) return jsExpr;
    return runtimeCall('notNull(#)', [jsExpr]);
  }

  /// If the class has only factory constructors, and it can be mixed in,
  /// then we need to emit a special hidden default constructor for use by
  /// mixins.
  bool _usesMixinNew(Class mixin) {
    // TODO(jmesserly): mixin declarations don't get implicit constructor nodes,
    // even if they have fields, so we need to ensure they're getting generated.
    return mixin.isMixinDeclaration && _hasUnnamedConstructor(mixin) ||
        mixin.superclass?.superclass == null &&
            mixin.constructors.every((c) => c.isExternal);
  }

  js_ast.Statement _addConstructorToClass(Class c, js_ast.Expression className,
      String name, js_ast.Expression jsCtor) {
    jsCtor = defineValueOnClass(c, className, _constructorName(name), jsCtor);
    return js.statement('#.prototype = #.prototype;', [jsCtor, className]);
  }

  @override
  bool superclassHasStatic(Class c, String memberName) {
    // Note: because we're only considering statics, we can ignore mixins.
    // We're only trying to find conflicts due to JS inheriting statics.
    var name = Name(memberName, c.enclosingLibrary);
    while (true) {
      c = c.superclass;
      if (c == null) return false;
      for (var m in c.members) {
        if (m.name == name &&
            (m is Procedure && m.isStatic || m is Field && m.isStatic)) {
          return true;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  List<js_ast.Method> _emitClassMethods(Class c) {
    var virtualFields = _classProperties.virtualFields;

    var jsMethods = <js_ast.Method>[];
    bool hasJsPeer = _extensionTypes.isNativeClass(c);
    bool hasIterator = false;

    if (c == _coreTypes.objectClass) {
      // Dart does not use ES6 constructors.
      // Add an error to catch any invalid usage.
      jsMethods.add(
          js_ast.Method(propertyName('constructor'), js.fun(r'''function() {
                  throw Error("use `new " + #.typeName(#.getReifiedType(this)) +
                      ".new(...)` to create a Dart object");
              }''', [runtimeModule, runtimeModule])));
    } else if (c == _jsArrayClass) {
      // Provide access to the Array constructor property, so it works like
      // other native types (rather than calling the Dart Object "constructor"
      // above, which throws).
      //
      // This will become obsolete when
      // https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/31003 is addressed.
      jsMethods.add(js_ast.Method(
          propertyName('constructor'), js.fun(r'function() { return []; }')));
    }

    Set<Member> redirectingFactories;
    for (var m in c.fields) {
      if (m.isStatic) {
        redirectingFactories ??= getRedirectingFactories(m)?.toSet();
      } else if (_extensionTypes.isNativeClass(c)) {
        jsMethods.addAll(_emitNativeFieldAccessors(m));
      } else if (virtualFields.containsKey(m)) {
        jsMethods.addAll(_emitVirtualFieldAccessor(m));
      }
    }

    var getters = Map<String, Procedure>();
    var setters = Map<String, Procedure>();
    for (var m in c.procedures) {
      if (m.isAbstract) continue;
      if (m.isGetter) {
        getters[m.name.name] = m;
      } else if (m.isSetter) {
        setters[m.name.name] = m;
      }
    }

    var savedUri = _currentUri;
    for (var m in c.procedures) {
      // For the Dart SDK, we use the member URI because it may be different
      // from the class (because of patch files). User code does not need this.
      //
      // TODO(jmesserly): CFE has a bug(?) where nSM forwarders sometimes have a
      // bogus file URI, that is mismatched compared to the offsets. This causes
      // a crash when we look up the location. So for those forwarders, we just
      // suppress source spans.
      _currentUri = m.isNoSuchMethodForwarder ? null : (m.fileUri ?? savedUri);
      if (_isForwardingStub(m)) {
        // TODO(jmesserly): is there any other kind of forwarding stub?
        jsMethods.addAll(_emitCovarianceCheckStub(m));
      } else if (m.isFactory) {
        // Skip redirecting factories (they've already been resolved).
        if (redirectingFactories?.contains(m) ?? false) continue;
        jsMethods.add(_emitFactoryConstructor(m));
      } else if (m.isAccessor) {
        jsMethods.add(_emitMethodDeclaration(m));
        jsMethods.add(_emitSuperAccessorWrapper(m, getters, setters));
        if (!hasJsPeer && m.isGetter && m.name.name == 'iterator') {
          hasIterator = true;
          jsMethods.add(_emitIterable(c));
        }
      } else {
        jsMethods.add(_emitMethodDeclaration(m));
      }
    }
    _currentUri = savedUri;

    // If the type doesn't have an `iterator`, but claims to implement Iterable,
    // we inject the adaptor method here, as it's less code size to put the
    // helper on a parent class. This pattern is common in the core libraries
    // (e.g. IterableMixin<E> and IterableBase<E>).
    //
    // (We could do this same optimization for any interface with an `iterator`
    // method, but that's more expensive to check for, so it doesn't seem worth
    // it. The above case for an explicit `iterator` method will catch those.)
    if (!hasJsPeer && !hasIterator) {
      jsMethods.add(_emitIterable(c));
    }

    // Add all of the super helper methods
    jsMethods.addAll(_superHelpers.values);

    return jsMethods.where((m) => m != null).toList();
  }

  bool _isForwardingStub(Procedure member) {
    if (member.isForwardingStub || member.isForwardingSemiStub) {
      if (_currentLibrary.importUri.scheme != 'dart') return true;
      // TODO(jmesserly): external methods in the SDK seem to get incorrectly
      // tagged as forwarding stubs even if they are patched. Perhaps there is
      // an ordering issue in CFE. So for now we pattern match to see if it
      // looks like an actual forwarding stub.
      //
      // We may be able to work around this in a cleaner way by simply emitting
      // the code, and letting the normal covariance check logic handle things.
      // But currently we use _emitCovarianceCheckStub to work around some
      // issues in the stubs.
      var body = member.function.body;
      if (body is ReturnStatement) {
        var expr = body.expression;
        return expr is SuperMethodInvocation || expr is SuperPropertySet;
      }
    }
    return false;
  }

  /// Emits a method, getter, or setter.
  js_ast.Method _emitMethodDeclaration(Procedure member) {
    if (member.isAbstract) {
      return null;
    }

    js_ast.Fun fn;
    if (member.isExternal && !member.isNoSuchMethodForwarder) {
      if (member.isStatic) {
        // TODO(vsm): Do we need to handle this case?
        return null;
      }
      fn = _emitNativeFunctionBody(member);
    } else {
      fn = _emitFunction(member.function, member.name.name);
    }

    return js_ast.Method(_declareMemberName(member), fn,
        isGetter: member.isGetter,
        isSetter: member.isSetter,
        isStatic: member.isStatic)
      ..sourceInformation = _nodeEnd(member.fileEndOffset);
  }

  js_ast.Fun _emitNativeFunctionBody(Procedure node) {
    String name = _annotationName(node, isJSAnnotation) ?? node.name.name;
    if (node.isGetter) {
      return js_ast.Fun([], js.block('{ return this.#; }', [name]));
    } else if (node.isSetter) {
      var params = _emitParameters(node.function);
      return js_ast.Fun(
          params, js.block('{ this.# = #; }', [name, params.last]));
    } else {
      return js.fun(
          'function (...args) { return this.#.apply(this, args); }', name);
    }
  }

  List<js_ast.Method> _emitCovarianceCheckStub(Procedure member) {
    // TODO(jmesserly): kernel stubs have a few problems:
    // - they're generated even when there is no concrete super member
    // - the stub parameter types don't match the types we need to check to
    //   ensure soundness of the super member, so we must lookup the super
    //   member and determine checks ourselves.
    // - it generates getter stubs, but these are not used
    if (member.isGetter) return const [];

    var enclosingClass = member.enclosingClass;
    var superMember = member.forwardingStubSuperTarget ??
        member.forwardingStubInterfaceTarget;

    if (superMember == null) return const [];

    substituteType(DartType t) {
      return _getTypeFromClass(t, superMember.enclosingClass, enclosingClass);
    }

    var name = _declareMemberName(member);
    if (member.isSetter) {
      if (superMember is Field && isCovariantField(superMember) ||
          superMember is Procedure &&
              isCovariantParameter(
                  superMember.function.positionalParameters[0])) {
        return const [];
      }
      var setterType = substituteType(superMember.setterType);
      if (_types.isTop(setterType)) return const [];
      return [
        js_ast.Method(
            name,
            js.fun('function(x) { return super.# = #; }',
                [name, _emitCast(_emitIdentifier('x'), setterType)]),
            isSetter: true),
        js_ast.Method(name, js.fun('function() { return super.#; }', [name]),
            isGetter: true)
      ];
    }
    assert(!member.isAccessor);

    var superMethodType =
        substituteType(superMember.function.thisFunctionType) as FunctionType;
    var function = member.function;

    var body = <js_ast.Statement>[];
    var typeParameters = superMethodType.typeParameters;
    _emitCovarianceBoundsCheck(typeParameters, body);

    var typeFormals = _emitTypeFormals(typeParameters);
    var jsParams = List<js_ast.Parameter>.from(typeFormals);
    var positionalParameters = function.positionalParameters;
    for (var i = 0, n = positionalParameters.length; i < n; i++) {
      var param = positionalParameters[i];
      var jsParam = _emitIdentifier(param.name);
      jsParams.add(jsParam);

      if (isCovariantParameter(param) &&
          !isCovariantParameter(superMember.function.positionalParameters[i])) {
        var check = _emitCast(jsParam, superMethodType.positionalParameters[i]);
        if (i >= function.requiredParameterCount) {
          body.add(js.statement('if (# !== void 0) #;', [jsParam, check]));
        } else {
          body.add(check.toStatement());
        }
      }
    }
    var namedParameters = function.namedParameters;
    for (var param in namedParameters) {
      if (isCovariantParameter(param) &&
          !isCovariantParameter(superMember.function.namedParameters
              .firstWhere((n) => n.name == param.name))) {
        var name = propertyName(param.name);
        var paramType = superMethodType.namedParameters
            .firstWhere((n) => n.name == param.name);
        body.add(js.statement('if (# in #) #;', [
          name,
          namedArgumentTemp,
          _emitCast(
              js_ast.PropertyAccess(namedArgumentTemp, name), paramType.type)
        ]));
      }
    }

    if (body.isEmpty) return const []; // No checks were needed.

    if (namedParameters.isNotEmpty) jsParams.add(namedArgumentTemp);
    body.add(js.statement('return super.#(#);', [name, jsParams]));
    return [js_ast.Method(name, js_ast.Fun(jsParams, js_ast.Block(body)))];
  }

  /// Emits a Dart factory constructor to a JS static method.
  js_ast.Method _emitFactoryConstructor(Procedure node) {
    if (node.isExternal || isUnsupportedFactoryConstructor(node)) return null;

    var function = node.function;

    /// Note: factory constructors can't use `sync*`/`async*`/`async` bodies
    /// because it would return the wrong type, so we can assume `sync` here.
    ///
    /// We can also skip the logic in [_emitFunction] related to operator
    /// methods like ==, as well as generic method parameters.
    ///
    /// If a future Dart version allows factory constructors to take their
    /// own type parameters, this will need to be changed to call
    /// [_emitFunction] instead.
    var jsBody = _emitSyncFunctionBody(function);

    return js_ast.Method(_constructorName(node.name.name),
        js_ast.Fun(_emitParameters(function), jsBody),
        isStatic: true)
      ..sourceInformation = _nodeEnd(node.fileEndOffset);
  }

  @override
  js_ast.Expression emitConstructorAccess(InterfaceType type) {
    return _emitJSInterop(type.classNode) ?? visitInterfaceType(type);
  }

  /// This is called whenever a derived class needs to introduce a new field,
  /// shadowing a field or getter/setter pair on its parent.
  ///
  /// This is important because otherwise, trying to read or write the field
  /// would end up calling the getter or setter, and one of those might not even
  /// exist, resulting in a runtime error. Even if they did exist, that's the
  /// wrong behavior if a new field was declared.
  List<js_ast.Method> _emitVirtualFieldAccessor(Field field) {
    var virtualField = _classProperties.virtualFields[field];
    var name = _declareMemberName(field);

    var getter = js.fun('function() { return this[#]; }', [virtualField]);
    var jsGetter = js_ast.Method(name, getter, isGetter: true)
      ..sourceInformation = _nodeStart(field);

    var args =
        field.isFinal ? [js_ast.Super(), name] : [js_ast.This(), virtualField];

    js_ast.Expression value = _emitIdentifier('value');
    if (!field.isFinal && isCovariantField(field)) {
      value = _emitCast(value, field.type);
    }
    args.add(value);

    var jsSetter = js_ast.Method(
        name, js.fun('function(value) { #[#] = #; }', args),
        isSetter: true)
      ..sourceInformation = _nodeStart(field);

    return [jsGetter, jsSetter];
  }

  /// Provide Dart getters and setters that forward to the underlying native
  /// field.  Note that the Dart names are always symbolized to avoid
  /// conflicts.  They will be installed as extension methods on the underlying
  /// native type.
  List<js_ast.Method> _emitNativeFieldAccessors(Field field) {
    // TODO(vsm): Can this by meta-programmed?
    // E.g., dart.nativeField(symbol, jsName)
    // Alternatively, perhaps it could be meta-programmed directly in
    // dart.registerExtensions?
    var jsMethods = <js_ast.Method>[];
    assert(!field.isStatic);

    var name = _annotationName(field, isJSName) ?? field.name.name;
    // Generate getter
    var fn = js_ast.Fun([], js.block('{ return this.#; }', [name]));
    var method = js_ast.Method(_declareMemberName(field), fn, isGetter: true);
    jsMethods.add(method);

    // Generate setter
    if (!field.isFinal) {
      var value = _emitTemporaryId('value');
      fn = js_ast.Fun([value], js.block('{ this.# = #; }', [name, value]));
      method = js_ast.Method(_declareMemberName(field), fn, isSetter: true);
      jsMethods.add(method);
    }

    return jsMethods;
  }

  /// Emit a getter (or setter) that simply forwards to the superclass getter
  /// (or setter).
  ///
  /// This is needed because in ES6, if you only override a getter
  /// (alternatively, a setter), then there is an implicit override of the
  /// setter (alternatively, the getter) that does nothing.
  js_ast.Method _emitSuperAccessorWrapper(Procedure member,
      Map<String, Procedure> getters, Map<String, Procedure> setters) {
    if (member.isAbstract) return null;

    var name = member.name.name;
    var memberName = _declareMemberName(member);
    if (member.isGetter) {
      if (!setters.containsKey(name) &&
          _classProperties.inheritedSetters.contains(name)) {
        // Generate a setter that forwards to super.
        var fn = js.fun('function(value) { super[#] = value; }', [memberName]);
        return js_ast.Method(memberName, fn, isSetter: true);
      }
    } else {
      assert(member.isSetter);
      if (!getters.containsKey(name) &&
          _classProperties.inheritedGetters.contains(name)) {
        // Generate a getter that forwards to super.
        var fn = js.fun('function() { return super[#]; }', [memberName]);
        return js_ast.Method(memberName, fn, isGetter: true);
      }
    }
    return null;
  }

  /// Support for adapting dart:core Iterable to ES6 versions.
  ///
  /// This lets them use for-of loops transparently:
  /// <https://github.com/lukehoban/es6features#iterators--forof>
  ///
  /// This will return `null` if the adapter was already added on a super type,
  /// otherwise it returns the adapter code.
  // TODO(jmesserly): should we adapt `Iterator` too?
  js_ast.Method _emitIterable(Class c) {
    var iterable = _hierarchy.getClassAsInstanceOf(c, _coreTypes.iterableClass);
    if (iterable == null) return null;

    // If a parent had an `iterator` (concrete or abstract) or implements
    // Iterable, we know the adapter is already there, so we can skip it as a
    // simple code size optimization.
    var parent = _hierarchy.getDispatchTarget(c.superclass, Name('iterator'));
    if (parent != null) return null;

    var parentIterable =
        _hierarchy.getClassAsInstanceOf(c.superclass, _coreTypes.iterableClass);
    if (parentIterable != null) return null;

    if (c.enclosingLibrary.importUri.scheme == 'dart' &&
        c.procedures.any((m) => _jsExportName(m) == 'Symbol.iterator')) {
      return null;
    }

    // Otherwise, emit the adapter method, which wraps the Dart iterator in
    // an ES6 iterator.
    return js_ast.Method(
        js.call('Symbol.iterator'),
        js.call('function() { return new #.JsIterator(this.#); }', [
          runtimeModule,
          _emitMemberName('iterator', memberClass: _coreTypes.iterableClass)
        ]) as js_ast.Fun);
  }

  js_ast.Expression _instantiateAnnotation(Expression node) =>
      _visitExpression(node);

  void _registerExtensionType(
      Class c, String jsPeerName, List<js_ast.Statement> body) {
    var className = _emitTopLevelName(c);
    if (_typeRep.isPrimitive(_coreTypes.legacyRawType(c))) {
      body.add(runtimeStatement(
          'definePrimitiveHashCode(#.prototype)', [className]));
    }
    body.add(runtimeStatement(
        'registerExtension(#, #)', [js.string(jsPeerName), className]));
  }

  void _emitTopLevelFields(List<Field> fields) {
    if (isSdkInternalRuntime(_currentLibrary)) {
      /// Treat dart:_runtime fields as safe to eagerly evaluate.
      // TODO(jmesserly): it'd be nice to avoid this special case.
      var lazyFields = <Field>[];
      var savedUri = _currentUri;

      // Helper functions to test if a constructor invocation is internal and
      // should be eagerly evaluated.
      var isInternalConstructor = (ConstructorInvocation node) {
        var type = node.getStaticType(_types) as InterfaceType;
        var library = type.classNode.enclosingLibrary;
        return isSdkInternalRuntime(library);
      };
      for (var field in fields) {
        var init = field.initializer;
        if (init == null ||
            init is BasicLiteral ||
            init is ConstructorInvocation && isInternalConstructor(init) ||
            init is StaticInvocation && isInlineJS(init.target)) {
          if (init is ConstructorInvocation) {
            // This is an eagerly executed constructor invocation.  We need to
            // ensure the class is emitted before this statement.
            var type = init.getStaticType(_types) as InterfaceType;
            _emitClass(type.classNode);
          }
          _currentUri = field.fileUri;
          moduleItems.add(js.statement('# = #;', [
            _emitTopLevelName(field),
            _visitInitializer(init, field.annotations)
          ]));
        } else {
          lazyFields.add(field);
        }
      }

      _currentUri = savedUri;
      fields = lazyFields;
    }

    if (fields.isEmpty) return;
    moduleItems.add(_emitLazyFields(
        emitLibraryName(_currentLibrary), fields, _emitTopLevelMemberName));
  }

  js_ast.Statement _emitLazyFields(
      js_ast.Expression objExpr,
      Iterable<Field> fields,
      js_ast.Expression Function(Field f) emitFieldName) {
    var accessors = <js_ast.Method>[];
    var savedUri = _currentUri;

    for (var field in fields) {
      _currentUri = field.fileUri;
      var access = emitFieldName(field);
      accessors.add(js_ast.Method(access, _emitStaticFieldInitializer(field),
          isGetter: true)
        ..sourceInformation = _hoverComment(
            js_ast.PropertyAccess(objExpr, access),
            field.fileOffset,
            field.name.name.length));

      // TODO(jmesserly): currently uses a dummy setter to indicate writable.
      if (!field.isFinal && !field.isConst) {
        accessors.add(js_ast.Method(
            access, js.call('function(_) {}') as js_ast.Fun,
            isSetter: true));
      }
    }
    _currentUri = _currentLibrary.fileUri;

    _currentUri = savedUri;
    return runtimeStatement('defineLazy(#, { # })', [objExpr, accessors]);
  }

  js_ast.Fun _emitStaticFieldInitializer(Field field) {
    return js_ast.Fun([], js_ast.Block(_withLetScope(() {
      return [
        js_ast.Return(_visitInitializer(field.initializer, field.annotations))
      ];
    })));
  }

  List<js_ast.Statement> _withLetScope(List<js_ast.Statement> visitBody()) {
    var savedLetVariables = _letVariables;
    _letVariables = [];

    var body = visitBody();
    var letVars = _initLetVariables();
    if (letVars != null) body.insert(0, letVars);

    _letVariables = savedLetVariables;
    return body;
  }

  js_ast.ArrowFun _arrowFunctionWithLetScope(js_ast.Expression visitBody()) {
    var savedLetVariables = _letVariables;
    _letVariables = [];

    var expr = visitBody();
    var letVars = _initLetVariables();

    _letVariables = savedLetVariables;
    return js_ast.ArrowFun(
        [], letVars == null ? expr : js_ast.Block([letVars, expr.toReturn()]));
  }

  js_ast.PropertyAccess _emitTopLevelName(NamedNode n, {String suffix = ''}) {
    return _emitJSInterop(n) ?? _emitTopLevelNameNoInterop(n, suffix: suffix);
  }

  /// Like [_emitMemberName], but for declaration sites.
  ///
  /// Unlike call sites, we always have an element available, so we can use it
  /// directly rather than computing the relevant options for [_emitMemberName].
  js_ast.Expression _declareMemberName(Member m, {bool useExtension}) {
    return _emitMemberName(m.name.name,
        isStatic: m is Field ? m.isStatic : (m as Procedure).isStatic,
        useExtension:
            useExtension ?? _extensionTypes.isNativeClass(m.enclosingClass),
        member: m);
  }

  /// This handles member renaming for private names and operators.
  ///
  /// Private names are generated using ES6 symbols:
  ///
  ///     // At the top of the module:
  ///     let _x = Symbol('_x');
  ///     let _y = Symbol('_y');
  ///     ...
  ///
  ///     class Point {
  ///       Point(x, y) {
  ///         this[_x] = x;
  ///         this[_y] = y;
  ///       }
  ///       get x() { return this[_x]; }
  ///       get y() { return this[_y]; }
  ///     }
  ///
  /// For user-defined operators the following names are allowed:
  ///
  ///     <, >, <=, >=, ==, -, +, /, ~/, *, %, |, ^, &, <<, >>, []=, [], ~
  ///
  /// They generate code like:
  ///
  ///     x['+'](y)
  ///
  /// There are three exceptions: [], []= and unary -.
  /// The indexing operators we use `get` and `set` instead:
  ///
  ///     x.get('hi')
  ///     x.set('hi', 123)
  ///
  /// This follows the same pattern as ECMAScript 6 Map:
  /// <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Map>
  ///
  /// Unary minus looks like: `x._negate()`.
  ///
  /// Equality is a bit special, it is generated via the Dart `equals` runtime
  /// helper, that checks for null. The user defined method is called '=='.
  ///
  js_ast.Expression _emitMemberName(String name,
      {bool isStatic = false,
      bool useExtension,
      Member member,
      Class memberClass}) {
    // Static members skip the rename steps and may require JS interop renames.
    if (isStatic) {
      return _emitStaticMemberName(name, member);
    }

    // We allow some (illegal in Dart) member names to be used in our private
    // SDK code. These renames need to be included at every declaration,
    // including overrides in subclasses.
    if (member != null) {
      var runtimeName = _jsExportName(member);
      if (runtimeName != null) {
        var parts = runtimeName.split('.');
        if (parts.length < 2) return propertyName(runtimeName);

        js_ast.Expression result = _emitIdentifier(parts[0]);
        for (int i = 1; i < parts.length; i++) {
          result = js_ast.PropertyAccess(result, propertyName(parts[i]));
        }
        return result;
      }
    }

    memberClass ??= member?.enclosingClass;
    if (name.startsWith('_')) {
      // Use the library that this private member's name is scoped to.
      var memberLibrary = member?.name?.library ??
          memberClass?.enclosingLibrary ??
          _currentLibrary;
      return emitPrivateNameSymbol(memberLibrary, name);
    }

    useExtension ??= _isSymbolizedMember(memberClass, name);
    name = js_ast.memberNameForDartMember(name, _isExternal(member));
    if (useExtension) {
      return getExtensionSymbolInternal(name);
    }
    return propertyName(name);
  }

  /// Don't symbolize native members that just forward to the underlying
  /// native member.  We limit this to non-renamed members as the receiver
  /// may be a mock type.
  ///
  /// Note, this is an underlying assumption here that, if another native type
  /// subtypes this one, it also forwards this member to its underlying native
  /// one without renaming.
  bool _isSymbolizedMember(Class c, String name) {
    if (c == null) {
      return _isObjectMember(name);
    }
    c = _typeRep.getImplementationClass(_coreTypes.legacyRawType(c)) ?? c;
    if (_extensionTypes.isNativeClass(c)) {
      var member = _lookupForwardedMember(c, name);

      // Fields on a native class are implicitly native.
      // Methods/getters/setters are marked external/native.
      if (member is Field || _isExternal(member)) {
        var jsName = _annotationName(member, isJSName);
        return jsName != null && jsName != name;
      } else {
        // Non-external members must be symbolized.
        return true;
      }
    }
    // If the receiver *may* be a native type (i.e., an interface allowed to
    // be implemented by a native class), conservatively symbolize - we don't
    // know whether it'll be implemented via forwarding.
    // TODO(vsm): Consider CHA here to be less conservative.
    return _extensionTypes.isNativeInterface(c);
  }

  var _forwardingCache = HashMap<Class, Map<String, Member>>();

  Member _lookupForwardedMember(Class c, String name) {
    // We only care about public methods.
    if (name.startsWith('_')) return null;

    var map = _forwardingCache.putIfAbsent(c, () => {});

    return map.putIfAbsent(
        name,
        () =>
            _hierarchy.getDispatchTarget(c, Name(name)) ??
            _hierarchy.getDispatchTarget(c, Name(name), setter: true));
  }

  js_ast.Expression _emitStaticMemberName(String name, [NamedNode member]) {
    if (member != null) {
      var jsName = _emitJSInteropStaticMemberName(member);
      if (jsName != null) return jsName;
    }

    switch (name) {
      // Reserved for the compiler to do `x as T`.
      case 'as':
      // Reserved for the compiler to do implicit cast `T x = y`.
      case '_check':
      // Reserved for the SDK to compute `Type.toString()`.
      case 'name':
      // Reserved by JS, not a valid static member name.
      case 'prototype':
        name += '_';
        break;
      default:
        // All trailing underscores static names are reserved for the compiler
        // or SDK libraries.
        //
        // If user code uses them, add an extra `_`.
        //
        // This also avoids collision with the renames above, e.g. `static as`
        // and `static as_` will become `as_` and `as__`.
        if (name.endsWith('_')) {
          name += '_';
        }
    }
    return propertyName(name);
  }

  js_ast.Expression _emitJSInteropStaticMemberName(NamedNode n) {
    if (!usesJSInterop(n)) return null;
    var name = _annotationName(n, isPublicJSAnnotation);
    if (name != null) {
      if (name.contains('.')) {
        throw UnsupportedError(
            'static members do not support "." in their names. '
            'See https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/27926');
      }
    } else {
      name = getTopLevelName(n);
    }
    return js.escapedString(name, "'");
  }

  js_ast.PropertyAccess _emitTopLevelNameNoInterop(NamedNode n,
      {String suffix = ''}) {
    return js_ast.PropertyAccess(emitLibraryName(getLibrary(n)),
        _emitTopLevelMemberName(n, suffix: suffix));
  }

  /// Emits the member name portion of a top-level member.
  ///
  /// NOTE: usually you should use [_emitTopLevelName] instead of this. This
  /// function does not handle JS interop.
  js_ast.Expression _emitTopLevelMemberName(NamedNode n, {String suffix = ''}) {
    var name = _jsExportName(n) ?? getTopLevelName(n);
    return propertyName(name + suffix);
  }

  bool _isExternal(Member m) {
    // Corresponds to the names in memberNameForDartMember in
    // compiler/js_names.dart.
    const renamedJsMembers = ["prototype", "constructor"];
    if (m is Procedure) {
      if (m.isExternal) return true;
      if (m.isNoSuchMethodForwarder) {
        if (renamedJsMembers.contains(m.name.name)) {
          return _hasExternalProcedure(m.enclosingClass, m.name.name);
        }
      }
    }
    return false;
  }

  /// Returns true if anything up the class hierarchy externally defines a
  /// procedure with name = [name].
  ///
  /// Used to determine when we should alias Dart-JS reserved members
  /// (e.g., 'prototype' and 'constructor').
  bool _hasExternalProcedure(Class c, String name) {
    var classes = Queue<Class>()..add(c);

    while (classes.isNotEmpty) {
      var c = classes.removeFirst();
      var classesToCheck = [
        if (c.supertype != null) c.supertype.classNode,
        for (var t in c.implementedTypes) if (t.classNode != null) t.classNode,
      ];
      classes.addAll(classesToCheck);
      for (var procedure in c.procedures) {
        if (procedure.name.name == name && !procedure.isNoSuchMethodForwarder) {
          return procedure.isExternal;
        }
      }
    }

    return false;
  }

  String _getJSNameWithoutGlobal(NamedNode n) {
    if (!usesJSInterop(n)) return null;
    var libraryJSName = _annotationName(getLibrary(n), isPublicJSAnnotation);
    var jsName = _annotationName(n, isPublicJSAnnotation) ?? getTopLevelName(n);
    return libraryJSName != null ? '$libraryJSName.$jsName' : jsName;
  }

  js_ast.PropertyAccess _emitJSInterop(NamedNode n) {
    var jsName = _getJSNameWithoutGlobal(n);
    if (jsName == null) return null;
    return _emitJSInteropForGlobal(jsName);
  }

  js_ast.PropertyAccess _emitJSInteropForGlobal(String name) {
    var parts = name.split('.');
    if (parts.isEmpty) parts = [''];
    js_ast.PropertyAccess access;
    for (var part in parts) {
      access = js_ast.PropertyAccess(
          access ?? runtimeCall('global'), js.escapedString(part, "'"));
    }
    return access;
  }

  void _emitLibraryProcedures(Library library) {
    var procedures = library.procedures
        .where((p) => !p.isExternal && !p.isAbstract)
        .toList();
    moduleItems.addAll(procedures
        .where((p) => !p.isAccessor)
        .map(_emitLibraryFunction)
        .toList());
    _emitLibraryAccessors(procedures.where((p) => p.isAccessor).toList());
  }

  void _emitLibraryAccessors(Iterable<Procedure> accessors) {
    if (accessors.isEmpty) return;
    moduleItems.add(runtimeStatement('copyProperties(#, { # })', [
      emitLibraryName(_currentLibrary),
      accessors.map(_emitLibraryAccessor).toList()
    ]));
  }

  js_ast.Method _emitLibraryAccessor(Procedure node) {
    var savedUri = _currentUri;
    _currentUri = node.fileUri;

    var name = node.name.name;
    var result = js_ast.Method(
        propertyName(name), _emitFunction(node.function, node.name.name),
        isGetter: node.isGetter, isSetter: node.isSetter)
      ..sourceInformation = _nodeEnd(node.fileEndOffset);

    _currentUri = savedUri;
    return result;
  }

  js_ast.Statement _emitLibraryFunction(Procedure p) {
    var savedUri = _currentUri;
    _currentUri = p.fileUri;

    var body = <js_ast.Statement>[];
    var fn = _emitFunction(p.function, p.name.name)
      ..sourceInformation = _nodeEnd(p.fileEndOffset);

    if (_currentLibrary.importUri.scheme == 'dart' &&
        _isInlineJSFunction(p.function.body)) {
      fn = js_ast.simplifyPassThroughArrowFunCallBody(fn);
    }

    var nameExpr = _emitTopLevelName(p);
    body.add(js.statement('# = #',
        [nameExpr, js_ast.NamedFunction(_emitTemporaryId(p.name.name), fn)]));
    // Function types of top-level/static functions are only needed when
    // dart:mirrors is enabled.
    // TODO(jmesserly): do we even need this for mirrors, since statics are not
    // commonly reflected on?
    if (_options.emitMetadata && _reifyFunctionType(p.function)) {
      body.add(_emitFunctionTagged(nameExpr, p.function.thisFunctionType,
              topLevel: true)
          .toStatement());
    }

    _currentUri = savedUri;
    return js_ast.Statement.from(body);
  }

  js_ast.Expression _emitFunctionTagged(js_ast.Expression fn, FunctionType type,
      {bool topLevel = false}) {
    var lazy = topLevel && !_canEmitTypeAtTopLevel(type);
    var typeRep = visitFunctionType(type, lazy: lazy);
    return runtimeCall(lazy ? 'lazyFn(#, #)' : 'fn(#, #)', [fn, typeRep]);
  }

  /// Whether the expression for [type] can be evaluated at this point in the JS
  /// module.
  ///
  /// Types cannot be evaluated if they depend on something that hasn't been
  /// defined yet. For example:
  ///
  ///     C foo() => null;
  ///     class C {}
  ///
  /// If we're emitting the type information for `foo`, we cannot refer to `C`
  /// yet, so we must evaluate foo's type lazily.
  bool _canEmitTypeAtTopLevel(DartType type) {
    if (type is InterfaceType) {
      return !_pendingClasses.contains(type.classNode) &&
          type.typeArguments.every(_canEmitTypeAtTopLevel);
    }
    if (type is FunctionType) {
      // Generic functions are always safe to emit, because they're lazy until
      // type arguments are applied.
      if (type.typeParameters.isNotEmpty) return true;

      return (_canEmitTypeAtTopLevel(type.returnType) &&
          type.positionalParameters.every(_canEmitTypeAtTopLevel) &&
          type.namedParameters.every((n) => _canEmitTypeAtTopLevel(n.type)));
    }
    if (type is TypedefType) {
      return type.typeArguments.every(_canEmitTypeAtTopLevel);
    }
    return true;
  }

  /// Emits a Dart [type] into code.
  js_ast.Expression _emitType(DartType type) => type.accept(this);

  js_ast.Expression _emitInvalidNode(Node node, [String message = '']) {
    if (message.isNotEmpty) message += ' ';
    return runtimeCall('throwUnimplementedError(#)',
        [js.escapedString('node <${node.runtimeType}> $message`$node`')]);
  }

  @override
  js_ast.Expression defaultDartType(DartType type) => _emitInvalidNode(type);

  @override
  js_ast.Expression visitInvalidType(InvalidType type) => defaultDartType(type);

  @override
  js_ast.Expression visitDynamicType(DynamicType type) =>
      runtimeCall('dynamic');

  @override
  js_ast.Expression visitVoidType(VoidType type) => runtimeCall('void');

  @override
  js_ast.Expression visitBottomType(BottomType type) => runtimeCall('bottom');

  @override
  js_ast.Expression visitInterfaceType(InterfaceType type) {
    var c = type.classNode;
    _declareBeforeUse(c);

    // Type parameters don't matter as JS interop types cannot be reified.
    // We have to use lazy JS types because until we have proper module
    // loading for JS libraries bundled with Dart libraries, we will sometimes
    // need to load Dart libraries before the corresponding JS libraries are
    // actually loaded.
    // Given a JS type such as:
    //     @JS('google.maps.Location')
    //     class Location { ... }
    // We can't emit a reference to MyType because the JS library that defines
    // it may be loaded after our code. So for now, we use a special lazy type
    // object to represent MyType.
    // Anonymous JS types do not have a corresponding concrete JS type so we
    // have to use a helper to define them.
    if (isJSAnonymousType(c)) {
      return runtimeCall(
          'anonymousJSType(#)', [js.escapedString(getLocalClassName(c))]);
    }
    var jsName = _getJSNameWithoutGlobal(c);
    if (jsName != null) {
      return runtimeCall('lazyJSType(() => #, #)',
          [_emitJSInteropForGlobal(jsName), js.escapedString(jsName)]);
    }

    var args = type.typeArguments;
    Iterable<js_ast.Expression> jsArgs;
    if (args.any((a) => a != const DynamicType())) {
      jsArgs = args.map(_emitType);
    }
    if (jsArgs != null) {
      var typeRep = _emitGenericClassType(type, jsArgs);
      return _cacheTypes ? _typeTable.nameType(type, typeRep) : typeRep;
    }

    return _emitTopLevelNameNoInterop(type.classNode);
  }

  bool get _emittingClassSignatures =>
      _currentClass != null &&
      identical(_currentClass, _classEmittingSignatures);

  bool get _emittingClassExtends =>
      _currentClass != null && identical(_currentClass, _classEmittingExtends);

  bool get _cacheTypes =>
      !_emittingClassExtends && !_emittingClassSignatures ||
      _currentFunction != null;

  js_ast.Expression _emitGenericClassType(
      InterfaceType t, Iterable<js_ast.Expression> typeArgs) {
    var genericName = _emitTopLevelNameNoInterop(t.classNode, suffix: '\$');
    return js.call('#(#)', [genericName, typeArgs]);
  }

  @override
  js_ast.Expression visitFunctionType(type,
      {Member member, bool lazy = false}) {
    var requiredTypes =
        type.positionalParameters.take(type.requiredParameterCount).toList();
    var function = member?.function;
    var requiredParams = function?.positionalParameters
        ?.take(type.requiredParameterCount)
        ?.toList();
    var optionalTypes =
        type.positionalParameters.skip(type.requiredParameterCount).toList();
    var optionalParams = function?.positionalParameters
        ?.skip(type.requiredParameterCount)
        ?.toList();

    var namedTypes = type.namedParameters;
    var rt = _emitType(type.returnType);
    var ra = _emitTypeNames(requiredTypes, requiredParams, member);

    List<js_ast.Expression> typeParts;
    if (namedTypes.isNotEmpty) {
      assert(optionalTypes.isEmpty);
      // TODO(vsm): Pass in annotations here as well.
      var na = _emitTypeProperties(namedTypes);
      typeParts = [rt, ra, na];
    } else if (optionalTypes.isNotEmpty) {
      assert(namedTypes.isEmpty);
      var oa = _emitTypeNames(optionalTypes, optionalParams, member);
      typeParts = [rt, ra, oa];
    } else {
      typeParts = [rt, ra];
    }

    var typeFormals = type.typeParameters;
    String helperCall;
    if (typeFormals.isNotEmpty) {
      var tf = _emitTypeFormals(typeFormals);

      addTypeFormalsAsParameters(List<js_ast.Expression> elements) {
        var names = _typeTable.discharge(typeFormals);
        return names.isEmpty
            ? js.call('(#) => [#]', [tf, elements])
            : js.call('(#) => {#; return [#];}', [tf, names, elements]);
      }

      typeParts = [addTypeFormalsAsParameters(typeParts)];

      helperCall = 'gFnType(#)';

      /// Whether the type parameter [t] has an explicit bound, like
      /// `<T extends C>`, `<T extends Object>` or `<T extends dynamic>`.
      ///
      /// In contrast, a type parameter like `<T>` has an implicit bound.
      /// Implicit bounds are a bit unusual, in that `Object` is used as the
      /// bound for checking, but `dynamic` is filled in as the default value.
      ///
      /// Kernel represents `<T>` as `<T extends Object = dynamic>`. We can find
      /// explicit bounds by looking for anything *except* that.
      typeParameterHasExplicitBound(TypeParameter t) =>
          t.bound != _types.coreTypes.objectLegacyRawType ||
          t.defaultType != const DynamicType();

      // If any explicit bounds were passed, emit them.
      if (typeFormals.any(typeParameterHasExplicitBound)) {
        /// Emits the bound of the type parameter [t] for use in runtime
        /// checking and the default value (e.g. for dynamic class).
        ///
        /// For most type parameters we can use [TypeParameter.bound]. However,
        /// for *implicit* bounds such as `<T>` (represented in Kernel as
        /// `<T extends Object = dynamic>`) we need to emit `dynamic` so we use
        /// the correct default value at runtime.
        ///
        /// Because `dynamic` and `Object` are both top types, they'll behave
        /// identically for the purposes of type checks.
        emitTypeParameterBound(TypeParameter t) =>
            typeParameterHasExplicitBound(t)
                ? _emitType(t.bound)
                : visitDynamicType(const DynamicType());

        var bounds = typeFormals.map(emitTypeParameterBound).toList();
        typeParts.add(addTypeFormalsAsParameters(bounds));
      }
    } else {
      helperCall = 'fnType(#)';
    }
    var typeRep = runtimeCall(helperCall, [typeParts]);
    return _cacheTypes
        ? _typeTable.nameFunctionType(type, typeRep, lazy: lazy)
        : typeRep;
  }

  js_ast.Expression _emitAnnotatedFunctionType(
      FunctionType type, Member member) {
    var result = visitFunctionType(type, member: member);

    var annotations = member.annotations;
    if (_options.emitMetadata && annotations.isNotEmpty) {
      // TODO(jmesserly): should we disable source info for annotations?
      var savedUri = _currentUri;
      _currentUri = member.enclosingClass.fileUri;
      result = js_ast.ArrayInitializer(
          [result]..addAll(annotations.map(_instantiateAnnotation)));
      _currentUri = savedUri;
    }
    return result;
  }

  /// Emits an expression that lets you access statics on a [type] from code.
  js_ast.Expression _emitConstructorAccess(InterfaceType type) {
    return _emitJSInterop(type.classNode) ?? _emitType(type);
  }

  js_ast.Expression _emitConstructorName(InterfaceType type, Member c) {
    return _emitJSInterop(type.classNode) ??
        js_ast.PropertyAccess(
            _emitConstructorAccess(type), _constructorName(c.name.name));
  }

  /// Emits an expression that lets you access statics on an [c] from code.
  js_ast.Expression _emitStaticClassName(Class c) {
    _declareBeforeUse(c);
    return _emitTopLevelName(c);
  }

  // Wrap a result - usually a type - with its metadata.  The runtime is
  // responsible for unpacking this.
  js_ast.Expression _emitAnnotatedResult(
      js_ast.Expression result, List<Expression> metadata, Member member) {
    if (_options.emitMetadata && metadata.isNotEmpty) {
      // TODO(jmesserly): should we disable source info for annotations?
      var savedUri = _currentUri;
      _currentUri = member.enclosingClass.fileUri;
      result = js_ast.ArrayInitializer(
          [result]..addAll(metadata.map(_instantiateAnnotation)));
      _currentUri = savedUri;
    }
    return result;
  }

  js_ast.ObjectInitializer _emitTypeProperties(Iterable<NamedType> types) {
    return js_ast.ObjectInitializer(types
        .map((t) => js_ast.Property(propertyName(t.name), _emitType(t.type)))
        .toList());
  }

  js_ast.ArrayInitializer _emitTypeNames(List<DartType> types,
      List<VariableDeclaration> parameters, Member member) {
    var result = <js_ast.Expression>[];
    for (int i = 0; i < types.length; ++i) {
      var type = _emitType(types[i]);
      if (parameters != null) {
        type = _emitAnnotatedResult(type, parameters[i].annotations, member);
      }
      result.add(type);
    }
    return js_ast.ArrayInitializer(result);
  }

  @override
  js_ast.Expression visitTypeParameterType(TypeParameterType type) =>
      _emitTypeParameter(type.parameter);

  js_ast.Identifier _emitTypeParameter(TypeParameter t) =>
      _emitIdentifier(getTypeParameterName(t));

  @override
  js_ast.Expression visitTypedefType(TypedefType type) =>
      visitFunctionType(type.unalias as FunctionType);

  js_ast.Fun _emitFunction(FunctionNode f, String name) {
    // normal function (sync), vs (sync*, async, async*)
    var isSync = f.asyncMarker == AsyncMarker.Sync;
    var formals = _emitParameters(f);
    var typeFormals = _emitTypeFormals(f.typeParameters);

    var parent = f.parent;
    if (_reifyGenericFunction(parent is Member ? parent : null)) {
      formals.insertAll(0, typeFormals);
    }

    // TODO(jmesserly): need a way of determining if parameters are
    // potentially mutated in Kernel. For now we assume all parameters are.
    super.enterFunction(name, formals, () => true);

    js_ast.Block block =
        isSync ? _emitSyncFunctionBody(f) : _emitGeneratorFunctionBody(f, name);

    block = super.exitFunction(name, formals, block);
    return js_ast.Fun(formals, block);
  }

  List<js_ast.Parameter> _emitParameters(FunctionNode f) {
    var positional = f.positionalParameters;
    var result = List<js_ast.Parameter>.of(positional.map(_emitVariableDef));
    if (positional.isNotEmpty &&
        f.requiredParameterCount == positional.length &&
        positional.last.annotations.any(isJsRestAnnotation)) {
      result.last = js_ast.RestParameter(result.last as js_ast.Identifier);
    }
    if (f.namedParameters.isNotEmpty) result.add(namedArgumentTemp);
    return result;
  }

  void _emitVirtualFieldSymbols(Class c, List<js_ast.Statement> body) {
    _classProperties.virtualFields.forEach((field, virtualField) {
      var symbol = emitClassPrivateNameSymbol(
          c.enclosingLibrary, getLocalClassName(c), field.name.name);
      body.add(js.statement('const # = #;', [virtualField, symbol]));
    });
  }

  List<js_ast.Identifier> _emitTypeFormals(List<TypeParameter> typeFormals) {
    return typeFormals
        .map((t) => _emitIdentifier(getTypeParameterName(t)))
        .toList();
  }

  /// Transforms `sync*` `async` and `async*` function bodies
  /// using ES6 generators.
  ///