// Copyright (c) 2015, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

#include "vm/compiler/aot/precompiler.h"

#include "vm/ast_printer.h"
#include "vm/class_finalizer.h"
#include "vm/code_patcher.h"
#include "vm/compiler/aot/aot_call_specializer.h"
#include "vm/compiler/assembler/assembler.h"
#include "vm/compiler/assembler/disassembler.h"
#include "vm/compiler/backend/branch_optimizer.h"
#include "vm/compiler/backend/constant_propagator.h"
#include "vm/compiler/backend/flow_graph.h"
#include "vm/compiler/backend/flow_graph_compiler.h"
#include "vm/compiler/backend/il_printer.h"
#include "vm/compiler/backend/inliner.h"
#include "vm/compiler/backend/linearscan.h"
#include "vm/compiler/backend/range_analysis.h"
#include "vm/compiler/backend/redundancy_elimination.h"
#include "vm/compiler/backend/type_propagator.h"
#include "vm/compiler/cha.h"
#include "vm/compiler/compiler_pass.h"
#include "vm/compiler/frontend/flow_graph_builder.h"
#include "vm/compiler/jit/compiler.h"
#include "vm/dart_entry.h"
#include "vm/exceptions.h"
#include "vm/flags.h"
#include "vm/hash_table.h"
#include "vm/isolate.h"
#include "vm/json_writer.h"
#include "vm/log.h"
#include "vm/longjump.h"
#include "vm/object.h"
#include "vm/object_store.h"
#include "vm/os.h"
#include "vm/parser.h"
#include "vm/program_visitor.h"
#include "vm/regexp_assembler.h"
#include "vm/regexp_parser.h"
#include "vm/resolver.h"
#include "vm/runtime_entry.h"
#include "vm/symbols.h"
#include "vm/tags.h"
#include "vm/timeline.h"
#include "vm/timer.h"
#include "vm/type_table.h"
#include "vm/type_testing_stubs.h"
#include "vm/unicode.h"
#include "vm/version.h"

namespace dart {

#define T (thread())
#define I (isolate())
#define Z (zone())

DEFINE_FLAG(bool, print_unique_targets, false, "Print unique dynamic targets");
DEFINE_FLAG(bool, trace_precompiler, false, "Trace precompiler.");
DEFINE_FLAG(
    int,
    max_speculative_inlining_attempts,
    1,
    "Max number of attempts with speculative inlining (precompilation only)");
DEFINE_FLAG(int, precompiler_rounds, 1, "Number of precompiler iterations");

DECLARE_FLAG(bool, print_flow_graph);
DECLARE_FLAG(bool, print_flow_graph_optimized);
DECLARE_FLAG(bool, trace_compiler);
DECLARE_FLAG(bool, trace_optimizing_compiler);
DECLARE_FLAG(bool, trace_bailout);
DECLARE_FLAG(bool, verify_compiler);
DECLARE_FLAG(bool, huge_method_cutoff_in_code_size);
DECLARE_FLAG(bool, trace_failed_optimization_attempts);
DECLARE_FLAG(bool, trace_inlining_intervals);
DECLARE_FLAG(int, inlining_hotness);
DECLARE_FLAG(int, inlining_size_threshold);
DECLARE_FLAG(int, inlining_callee_size_threshold);
DECLARE_FLAG(int, inline_getters_setters_smaller_than);
DECLARE_FLAG(int, inlining_depth_threshold);
DECLARE_FLAG(int, inlining_caller_size_threshold);
DECLARE_FLAG(int, inlining_constant_arguments_max_size_threshold);
DECLARE_FLAG(int, inlining_constant_arguments_min_size_threshold);
DECLARE_FLAG(bool, print_instruction_stats);

#ifdef DART_PRECOMPILER

class DartPrecompilationPipeline : public DartCompilationPipeline {
 public:
  explicit DartPrecompilationPipeline(Zone* zone,
                                      FieldTypeMap* field_map = NULL)
      : zone_(zone), result_type_(CompileType::None()), field_map_(field_map) {}

  virtual void FinalizeCompilation(FlowGraph* flow_graph) {
    if ((field_map_ != NULL) &&
        flow_graph->function().IsGenerativeConstructor()) {
      for (BlockIterator block_it = flow_graph->reverse_postorder_iterator();
           !block_it.Done(); block_it.Advance()) {
        ForwardInstructionIterator it(block_it.Current());
        for (; !it.Done(); it.Advance()) {
          StoreInstanceFieldInstr* store = it.Current()->AsStoreInstanceField();
          if (store != NULL) {
            if (!store->field().IsNull() && store->field().is_final()) {
#ifndef PRODUCT
              if (FLAG_trace_precompiler && FLAG_support_il_printer) {
                THR_Print("Found store to %s <- %s\n",
                          store->field().ToCString(),
                          store->value()->Type()->ToCString());
              }
#endif  // !PRODUCT
              FieldTypePair* entry = field_map_->Lookup(&store->field());
              if (entry == NULL) {
                field_map_->Insert(FieldTypePair(
                    &Field::Handle(zone_, store->field().raw()),  // Re-wrap.
                    store->value()->Type()->ToCid()));
#ifndef PRODUCT
                if (FLAG_trace_precompiler && FLAG_support_il_printer) {
                  THR_Print(" initial type = %s\n",
                            store->value()->Type()->ToCString());
                }
#endif  // !PRODUCT
                continue;
              }
              CompileType type = CompileType::FromCid(entry->cid_);
#ifndef PRODUCT
              if (FLAG_trace_precompiler && FLAG_support_il_printer) {
                THR_Print(" old type = %s\n", type.ToCString());
              }
#endif  // !PRODUCT
              type.Union(store->value()->Type());
#ifndef PRODUCT
              if (FLAG_trace_precompiler && FLAG_support_il_printer) {
                THR_Print(" new type = %s\n", type.ToCString());
              }
#endif  // !PRODUCT
              entry->cid_ = type.ToCid();
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }

    CompileType result_type = CompileType::None();
    for (BlockIterator block_it = flow_graph->reverse_postorder_iterator();
         !block_it.Done(); block_it.Advance()) {
      ForwardInstructionIterator it(block_it.Current());
      for (; !it.Done(); it.Advance()) {
        ReturnInstr* return_instr = it.Current()->AsReturn();
        if (return_instr != NULL) {
          result_type.Union(return_instr->InputAt(0)->Type());
        }
      }
    }
    result_type_ = result_type;
  }

  CompileType result_type() { return result_type_; }

 private:
  Zone* zone_;
  CompileType result_type_;
  FieldTypeMap* field_map_;
};

class PrecompileParsedFunctionHelper : public ValueObject {
 public:
  PrecompileParsedFunctionHelper(Precompiler* precompiler,
                                 ParsedFunction* parsed_function,
                                 bool optimized)
      : precompiler_(precompiler),
        parsed_function_(parsed_function),
        optimized_(optimized),
        thread_(Thread::Current()) {}

  bool Compile(CompilationPipeline* pipeline);

 private:
  ParsedFunction* parsed_function() const { return parsed_function_; }
  bool optimized() const { return optimized_; }
  Thread* thread() const { return thread_; }
  Isolate* isolate() const { return thread_->isolate(); }

  void FinalizeCompilation(Assembler* assembler,
                           FlowGraphCompiler* graph_compiler,
                           FlowGraph* flow_graph,
                           CodeStatistics* stats);

  Precompiler* precompiler_;
  ParsedFunction* parsed_function_;
  const bool optimized_;
  Thread* const thread_;

  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(PrecompileParsedFunctionHelper);
};

static void Jump(const Error& error) {
  Thread::Current()->long_jump_base()->Jump(1, error);
}

TypeRangeCache::TypeRangeCache(Precompiler* precompiler,
                               Thread* thread,
                               intptr_t num_cids)
    : precompiler_(precompiler),
      thread_(thread),
      lower_limits_(thread->zone()->Alloc<intptr_t>(num_cids)),
      upper_limits_(thread->zone()->Alloc<intptr_t>(num_cids)) {
  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < num_cids; i++) {
    lower_limits_[i] = kNotComputed;
    upper_limits_[i] = kNotComputed;
  }
}

RawError* Precompiler::CompileAll(
    Dart_QualifiedFunctionName embedder_entry_points[]) {
  LongJumpScope jump;
  if (setjmp(*jump.Set()) == 0) {
    Precompiler precompiler(Thread::Current());
    precompiler.DoCompileAll(embedder_entry_points);
    return Error::null();
  } else {
    Thread* thread = Thread::Current();
    const Error& error = Error::Handle(thread->sticky_error());
    thread->clear_sticky_error();
    return error.raw();
  }
}

Precompiler::Precompiler(Thread* thread)
    : thread_(thread),
      zone_(NULL),
      isolate_(thread->isolate()),
      changed_(false),
      retain_root_library_caches_(false),
      function_count_(0),
      class_count_(0),
      selector_count_(0),
      dropped_function_count_(0),
      dropped_field_count_(0),
      dropped_class_count_(0),
      dropped_typearg_count_(0),
      dropped_type_count_(0),
      dropped_library_count_(0),
      libraries_(GrowableObjectArray::Handle(I->object_store()->libraries())),
      pending_functions_(
          GrowableObjectArray::Handle(GrowableObjectArray::New())),
      sent_selectors_(),
      enqueued_functions_(),
      fields_to_retain_(),
      functions_to_retain_(),
      classes_to_retain_(),
      typeargs_to_retain_(),
      types_to_retain_(),
      consts_to_retain_(),
      field_type_map_(),
      error_(Error::Handle()),
      get_runtime_type_is_unique_(false) {}

void Precompiler::DoCompileAll(
    Dart_QualifiedFunctionName embedder_entry_points[]) {
  ASSERT(I->compilation_allowed());

  {
    StackZone stack_zone(T);
    zone_ = stack_zone.GetZone();

    {
      HANDLESCOPE(T);
      // Make sure class hierarchy is stable before compilation so that CHA
      // can be used. Also ensures lookup of entry points won't miss functions
      // because their class hasn't been finalized yet.
      FinalizeAllClasses();
      ASSERT(Error::Handle(Z, T->sticky_error()).IsNull());

      ClassFinalizer::SortClasses();

      // Collects type usage information which allows us to decide when/how to
      // optimize runtime type tests.
      TypeUsageInfo type_usage_info(T);

      // The cid-ranges of subclasses of a class are e.g. used for is/as checks
      // as well as other type checks.
      HierarchyInfo hierarchy_info(T);

      // Precompile static initializers to compute result type information.
      PrecompileStaticInitializers();
      ASSERT(Error::Handle(Z, T->sticky_error()).IsNull());

      // Precompile constructors to compute type information for final fields.
      ClassFinalizer::ClearAllCode();
      PrecompileConstructors();

      for (intptr_t round = 0; round < FLAG_precompiler_rounds; round++) {
        if (FLAG_trace_precompiler) {
          THR_Print("Precompiler round %" Pd "\n", round);
        }

        if (round > 0) {
          ResetPrecompilerState();
        }

        // TODO(rmacnak): We should be able to do a more thorough job and drop
        // some
        //  - implicit static closures
        //  - field initializers
        //  - invoke-field-dispatchers
        //  - method-extractors
        // that are needed in early iterations but optimized away in later
        // iterations.
        ClassFinalizer::ClearAllCode();

        CollectDynamicFunctionNames();

        // Start with the allocations and invocations that happen from C++.
        AddRoots(embedder_entry_points);
        AddAnnotatedRoots();

        // Compile newly found targets and add their callees until we reach a
        // fixed point.
        Iterate();

        // Replace the default type testing stubs installed on [Type]s with new
        // [Type]-specialized stubs.
        AttachOptimizedTypeTestingStub();
      }

      I->set_compilation_allowed(false);

      TraceForRetainedFunctions();
      DropFunctions();
      DropFields();
      TraceTypesFromRetainedClasses();
      DropTypes();
      DropTypeArguments();

      // Clear these before dropping classes as they may hold onto otherwise
      // dead instances of classes we will remove or otherwise unused symbols.
      DropScriptData();
      I->object_store()->set_unique_dynamic_targets(Array::null_array());
      Class& null_class = Class::Handle(Z);
      Function& null_function = Function::Handle(Z);
      I->object_store()->set_future_class(null_class);
      I->object_store()->set_pragma_class(null_class);
      I->object_store()->set_completer_class(null_class);
      I->object_store()->set_symbol_class(null_class);
      I->object_store()->set_compiletime_error_class(null_class);
      I->object_store()->set_simple_instance_of_function(null_function);
      I->object_store()->set_simple_instance_of_true_function(null_function);
      I->object_store()->set_simple_instance_of_false_function(null_function);
      I->object_store()->set_async_set_thread_stack_trace(null_function);
      I->object_store()->set_async_star_move_next_helper(null_function);
      I->object_store()->set_complete_on_async_return(null_function);
      I->object_store()->set_async_star_stream_controller(null_class);
      DropMetadata();
      DropLibraryEntries();
    }
    DropClasses();
    DropLibraries();

    BindStaticCalls();
    SwitchICCalls();
    Obfuscate();

    ProgramVisitor::Dedup();

    zone_ = NULL;
  }

  intptr_t symbols_before = -1;
  intptr_t symbols_after = -1;
  intptr_t capacity = -1;
  if (FLAG_trace_precompiler) {
    Symbols::GetStats(I, &symbols_before, &capacity);
  }

  Symbols::Compact(I);

  if (FLAG_trace_precompiler) {
    Symbols::GetStats(I, &symbols_after, &capacity);
    THR_Print("Precompiled %" Pd " functions,", function_count_);
    THR_Print(" %" Pd " dynamic types,", class_count_);
    THR_Print(" %" Pd " dynamic selectors.\n", selector_count_);

    THR_Print("Dropped %" Pd " functions,", dropped_function_count_);
    THR_Print(" %" Pd " fields,", dropped_field_count_);
    THR_Print(" %" Pd " symbols,", symbols_before - symbols_after);
    THR_Print(" %" Pd " types,", dropped_type_count_);
    THR_Print(" %" Pd " type arguments,", dropped_typearg_count_);
    THR_Print(" %" Pd " classes,", dropped_class_count_);
    THR_Print(" %" Pd " libraries.\n", dropped_library_count_);
  }
}

static void CompileStaticInitializerIgnoreErrors(const Field& field) {
  ASSERT(Error::Handle(Thread::Current()->zone(),
                       Thread::Current()->sticky_error())
             .IsNull());
  LongJumpScope jump;
  if (setjmp(*jump.Set()) == 0) {
    const Function& initializer =
        Function::Handle(Precompiler::CompileStaticInitializer(
            field, /* compute_type = */ true));
    // This function may have become a canonical signature function. Clear
    // its code while we have a chance.
    initializer.ClearCode();
    initializer.ClearICDataArray();
  } else {
    // Ignore compile-time errors here. If the field is actually used,
    // the error will be reported later during Iterate().
    Thread::Current()->clear_sticky_error();
  }
  ASSERT(Error::Handle(Thread::Current()->zone(),
                       Thread::Current()->sticky_error())
             .IsNull());
}

void Precompiler::PrecompileStaticInitializers() {
  class StaticInitializerVisitor : public ClassVisitor {
   public:
    explicit StaticInitializerVisitor(Zone* zone)
        : fields_(Array::Handle(zone)),
          field_(Field::Handle(zone)),
          function_(Function::Handle(zone)) {}
    void Visit(const Class& cls) {
      fields_ = cls.fields();
      for (intptr_t j = 0; j < fields_.Length(); j++) {
        field_ ^= fields_.At(j);
        if (field_.is_static() && field_.is_final() &&
            field_.has_initializer() && !field_.is_const()) {
          if (FLAG_trace_precompiler) {
            THR_Print("Precompiling initializer for %s\n", field_.ToCString());
          }
          CompileStaticInitializerIgnoreErrors(field_);
        }
      }
    }

   private:
    Array& fields_;
    Field& field_;
    Function& function_;
  };

  HANDLESCOPE(T);
  StaticInitializerVisitor visitor(Z);
  ProgramVisitor::VisitClasses(&visitor);
}

void Precompiler::PrecompileConstructors() {
  class ConstructorVisitor : public FunctionVisitor {
   public:
    explicit ConstructorVisitor(Precompiler* precompiler, Zone* zone)
        : precompiler_(precompiler), zone_(zone) {}
    void Visit(const Function& function) {
      if (!function.IsGenerativeConstructor()) return;
      if (function.HasCode()) {
        // Const constructors may have been visited before. Recompile them here
        // to collect type information for final fields for them as well.
        function.ClearCode();
      }
      if (FLAG_trace_precompiler) {
        THR_Print("Precompiling constructor %s\n", function.ToCString());
      }
      CompileFunction(precompiler_, Thread::Current(), zone_, function,
                      precompiler_->field_type_map());
    }

   private:
    Precompiler* precompiler_;
    Zone* zone_;
  };

  HANDLESCOPE(T);
  ConstructorVisitor visitor(this, zone_);
  ProgramVisitor::VisitFunctions(&visitor);

  FieldTypeMap::Iterator it(field_type_map_.GetIterator());
  for (FieldTypePair* current = it.Next(); current != NULL;
       current = it.Next()) {
    const intptr_t cid = current->cid_;
    current->field_->set_guarded_cid(cid);
    current->field_->set_is_nullable(cid == kNullCid || cid == kDynamicCid);
    if (FLAG_trace_precompiler) {
      THR_Print(
          "Field %s <- Type %s\n", current->field_->ToCString(),
          Class::Handle(T->isolate()->class_table()->At(cid)).ToCString());
    }
  }
}

static Dart_QualifiedFunctionName vm_entry_points[] = {
    // Functions
    {"dart:async", "::", "_ensureScheduleImmediate"},
    {"dart:core", "::", "_completeDeferredLoads"},
    {"dart:core", "::", "identityHashCode"},
    {"dart:core", "AbstractClassInstantiationError",
     "AbstractClassInstantiationError._create"},
    {"dart:core", "ArgumentError", "ArgumentError."},
    {"dart:core", "ArgumentError", "ArgumentError.value"},
    {"dart:core", "CyclicInitializationError", "CyclicInitializationError."},
    {"dart:core", "FallThroughError", "FallThroughError._create"},
    {"dart:core", "FormatException", "FormatException."},
    {"dart:core", "NoSuchMethodError", "NoSuchMethodError._withType"},
    {"dart:core", "NullThrownError", "NullThrownError."},
    {"dart:core", "OutOfMemoryError", "OutOfMemoryError."},
    {"dart:core", "RangeError", "RangeError."},
    {"dart:core", "RangeError", "RangeError.range"},
    {"dart:core", "StackOverflowError", "StackOverflowError."},
    {"dart:core", "UnsupportedError", "UnsupportedError."},
    {"dart:core", "_AssertionError", "_AssertionError._create"},
    {"dart:core", "_CastError", "_CastError._create"},
    {"dart:core", "_InternalError", "_InternalError."},
    {"dart:core", "_InvocationMirror", "_allocateInvocationMirror"},
    {"dart:core", "_InvocationMirror", "_allocateInvocationMirrorForClosure"},
    {"dart:core", "_TypeError", "_TypeError._create"},
    {"dart:collection", "::", "_rehashObjects"},
    {"dart:isolate", "IsolateSpawnException", "IsolateSpawnException."},
    {"dart:isolate", "::", "_runPendingImmediateCallback"},
    {"dart:isolate", "::", "_startIsolate"},
    {"dart:isolate", "_RawReceivePortImpl", "_handleMessage"},
    {"dart:isolate", "_RawReceivePortImpl", "_lookupHandler"},
    {"dart:isolate", "_SendPortImpl", "send"},
    {"dart:typed_data", "ByteData", "ByteData."},
    {"dart:typed_data", "ByteData", "ByteData._view"},
    {"dart:typed_data", "_ByteBuffer", "_ByteBuffer._New"},
    {"dart:_vmservice", "::", "boot"},
#if !defined(PRODUCT)
    {"dart:_vmservice", "::", "_registerIsolate"},
    {"dart:developer", "Metrics", "_printMetrics"},
    {"dart:developer", "::", "_runExtension"},
#endif  // !PRODUCT
    // Fields
    {"dart:core", "Error", "_stackTrace"},
    {"dart:core", "::", "_uriBaseClosure"},
    {"dart:math", "_Random", "_state"},
    {NULL, NULL, NULL}  // Must be terminated with NULL entries.
};

class PrecompilerEntryPointsPrinter : public ValueObject {
 public:
  explicit PrecompilerEntryPointsPrinter(Zone* zone);

  void AddInstantiatedClass(const Class& cls);
  void AddEntryPoint(const Object& entry_point);

  void Print();

 private:
  Zone* zone() const { return zone_; }

  void DescribeClass(JSONWriter* writer, const Class& cls);

  Zone* zone_;
  const GrowableObjectArray& instantiated_classes_;
  const GrowableObjectArray& entry_points_;
};

PrecompilerEntryPointsPrinter::PrecompilerEntryPointsPrinter(Zone* zone)
    : zone_(zone),
      instantiated_classes_(GrowableObjectArray::Handle(
          zone,
          FLAG_print_precompiler_entry_points ? GrowableObjectArray::New()
                                              : GrowableObjectArray::null())),
      entry_points_(GrowableObjectArray::Handle(
          zone,
          FLAG_print_precompiler_entry_points ? GrowableObjectArray::New()
                                              : GrowableObjectArray::null())) {}

void PrecompilerEntryPointsPrinter::AddInstantiatedClass(const Class& cls) {
  if (!FLAG_print_precompiler_entry_points) {
    return;
  }

  if (!cls.is_abstract()) {
    instantiated_classes_.Add(cls);
  }
}

void PrecompilerEntryPointsPrinter::AddEntryPoint(const Object& entry_point) {
  ASSERT(entry_point.IsFunction() || entry_point.IsField());

  if (!FLAG_print_precompiler_entry_points) {
    return;
  }
  entry_points_.Add(entry_point);
}

// Prints precompiler entry points as JSON.
// The format is described in [entry_points_json.md].
void PrecompilerEntryPointsPrinter::Print() {
  if (!FLAG_print_precompiler_entry_points) {
    return;
  }

  JSONWriter writer;

  writer.OpenObject();

  writer.OpenArray("roots");

  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < instantiated_classes_.Length(); ++i) {
    const Class& cls = Class::CheckedHandle(Z, instantiated_classes_.At(i));

    writer.OpenObject();
    DescribeClass(&writer, cls);
    writer.PrintProperty("action", "create-instance");
    writer.CloseObject();
  }

  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < entry_points_.Length(); ++i) {
    const Object& entry_point = Object::Handle(Z, entry_points_.At(i));

    if (entry_point.IsFunction()) {
      const Function& func = Function::Cast(entry_point);

      writer.OpenObject();
      DescribeClass(&writer, Class::Handle(Z, func.Owner()));

      String& name = String::Handle(Z);
      if (func.IsGetterFunction() || func.IsImplicitGetterFunction() ||
          (func.kind() == RawFunction::kImplicitStaticFinalGetter)) {
        name = func.name();
        name = Field::NameFromGetter(name);
        name = String::ScrubName(name);
        writer.PrintPropertyStr("name", name);
        writer.PrintProperty("action", "get");
      } else if (func.IsSetterFunction() || func.IsImplicitSetterFunction()) {
        name = func.name();
        name = Field::NameFromSetter(name);
        name = String::ScrubName(name);
        writer.PrintPropertyStr("name", name);
        writer.PrintProperty("action", "set");
      } else {
        name = func.UserVisibleName();
        writer.PrintPropertyStr("name", name);
        writer.PrintProperty("action", "call");
      }
      writer.CloseObject();
    } else {
      const Field& field = Field::Cast(entry_point);
      const Class& owner = Class::Handle(Z, field.Owner());
      const String& name = String::Handle(Z, field.UserVisibleName());

      {
        writer.OpenObject();
        DescribeClass(&writer, owner);
        writer.PrintPropertyStr("name", name);
        writer.PrintProperty("action", "get");
        writer.CloseObject();
      }

      {
        writer.OpenObject();
        DescribeClass(&writer, owner);
        writer.PrintPropertyStr("name", name);
        writer.PrintProperty("action", "set");
        writer.CloseObject();
      }
    }
  }

  writer.CloseArray();  // roots

  writer.OpenObject("native-methods");

  GrowableObjectArray& recognized_methods = GrowableObjectArray::Handle(
      Z, MethodRecognizer::QueryRecognizedMethods(Z));
  ASSERT(!recognized_methods.IsNull());

  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < recognized_methods.Length(); ++i) {
    const Function& func = Function::CheckedHandle(Z, recognized_methods.At(i));
    if (!func.is_native()) {
      continue;
    }

    intptr_t result_cid = MethodRecognizer::ResultCid(func);
    if (result_cid == kDynamicCid) {
      continue;
    }

    ASSERT(Isolate::Current()->class_table()->HasValidClassAt(result_cid));

    writer.OpenArray(String::Handle(func.native_name()).ToCString());
    writer.OpenObject();

    writer.PrintProperty("action", "return");

    const Class& result_cls =
        Class::Handle(Isolate::Current()->class_table()->At(result_cid));
    DescribeClass(&writer, result_cls);

    writer.PrintPropertyBool("nullable", false);

    writer.CloseObject();
    writer.CloseArray();
  }

  writer.CloseObject();  // native-methods

  writer.CloseObject();  // top-level

  const char* contents = writer.ToCString();

  Dart_FileOpenCallback file_open = Dart::file_open_callback();
  Dart_FileWriteCallback file_write = Dart::file_write_callback();
  Dart_FileCloseCallback file_close = Dart::file_close_callback();
  if ((file_open == NULL) || (file_write == NULL) || (file_close == NULL)) {
    FATAL(
        "Unable to print precompiler entry points:"
        " file callbacks are not provided by embedder");
  }

  void* out_stream =
      file_open(FLAG_print_precompiler_entry_points, /* write = */ true);
  if (out_stream == NULL) {
    FATAL1(
        "Unable to print precompiler entry points:"
        " failed to open file \"%s\" for writing",
        FLAG_print_precompiler_entry_points);
  }
  file_write(contents, strlen(contents), out_stream);
  file_close(out_stream);
}

void PrecompilerEntryPointsPrinter::DescribeClass(JSONWriter* writer,
                                                  const Class& cls) {
  const Library& library = Library::Handle(Z, cls.library());
  writer->PrintPropertyStr("library", String::Handle(Z, library.url()));

  if (!cls.IsTopLevel()) {
    writer->PrintPropertyStr("class", String::Handle(Z, cls.ScrubbedName()));
  }
}

void Precompiler::AddRoots(Dart_QualifiedFunctionName embedder_entry_points[]) {
  PrecompilerEntryPointsPrinter entry_points_printer(zone());

  // Note that <rootlibrary>.main is not a root. The appropriate main will be
  // discovered through _getMainClosure.

  AddSelector(Symbols::NoSuchMethod());

  AddSelector(Symbols::Call());  // For speed, not correctness.

  // Allocated from C++.
  Class& cls = Class::Handle(Z);
  for (intptr_t cid = kInstanceCid; cid < kNumPredefinedCids; cid++) {
    ASSERT(isolate()->class_table()->IsValidIndex(cid));
    if (!isolate()->class_table()->HasValidClassAt(cid)) {
      continue;
    }
    if ((cid == kTypeArgumentsCid) || (cid == kDynamicCid) ||
        (cid == kVoidCid) || (cid == kFreeListElement) ||
        (cid == kForwardingCorpse)) {
      continue;
    }
    cls = isolate()->class_table()->At(cid);
    AddInstantiatedClass(cls);
    entry_points_printer.AddInstantiatedClass(cls);
  }

  AddEntryPoints(vm_entry_points, &entry_points_printer);
  AddEntryPoints(embedder_entry_points, &entry_points_printer);

  entry_points_printer.Print();

  const Library& lib = Library::Handle(I->object_store()->root_library());
  if (lib.IsNull()) {
    const String& msg = String::Handle(
        Z, String::New("Cannot find root library in isolate.\n"));
    Jump(Error::Handle(Z, ApiError::New(msg)));
    UNREACHABLE();
  }

  const String& name = String::Handle(String::New("main"));
  const Object& main_closure = Object::Handle(lib.GetFunctionClosure(name));
  if (main_closure.IsClosure()) {
    if (lib.LookupLocalFunction(name) == Function::null()) {
      // Check whether the function is in exported namespace of library, in
      // this case we have to retain the root library caches.
      if (lib.LookupFunctionAllowPrivate(name) != Function::null() ||
          lib.LookupReExport(name) != Object::null()) {
        retain_root_library_caches_ = true;
      }
    }
    AddConstObject(Closure::Cast(main_closure));
  } else if (main_closure.IsError()) {
    const Error& error = Error::Cast(main_closure);
    String& msg =
        String::Handle(Z, String::NewFormatted("Cannot find main closure %s\n",
                                               error.ToErrorCString()));
    Jump(Error::Handle(Z, ApiError::New(msg)));
    UNREACHABLE();
  }
}

void Precompiler::AddEntryPoints(
    Dart_QualifiedFunctionName entry_points[],
    PrecompilerEntryPointsPrinter* entry_points_printer) {
  Library& lib = Library::Handle(Z);
  Class& cls = Class::Handle(Z);
  Function& func = Function::Handle(Z);
  Field& field = Field::Handle(Z);
  String& library_uri = String::Handle(Z);
  String& class_name = String::Handle(Z);
  String& function_name = String::Handle(Z);

  for (intptr_t i = 0; entry_points[i].library_uri != NULL; i++) {
    library_uri = Symbols::New(thread(), entry_points[i].library_uri);
    class_name = Symbols::New(thread(), entry_points[i].class_name);
    function_name = Symbols::New(thread(), entry_points[i].function_name);

    if (library_uri.raw() == Symbols::TopLevel().raw()) {
      lib = I->object_store()->root_library();
    } else {
      lib = Library::LookupLibrary(T, library_uri);
    }
    if (lib.IsNull()) {
      String& msg = String::Handle(
          Z, String::NewFormatted("Cannot find entry point '%s'\n",
                                  entry_points[i].library_uri));
      Jump(Error::Handle(Z, ApiError::New(msg)));
      UNREACHABLE();
    }

    if (class_name.raw() == Symbols::TopLevel().raw()) {
      if (Library::IsPrivate(function_name)) {
        function_name = lib.PrivateName(function_name);
      }
      func = lib.LookupLocalFunction(function_name);
      field = lib.LookupLocalField(function_name);
    } else {
      if (Library::IsPrivate(class_name)) {
        class_name = lib.PrivateName(class_name);
      }
      cls = lib.LookupLocalClass(class_name);
      if (cls.IsNull()) {
        String& msg = String::Handle(
            Z, String::NewFormatted("Cannot find entry point '%s' '%s'\n",
                                    entry_points[i].library_uri,
                                    entry_points[i].class_name));
        Jump(Error::Handle(Z, ApiError::New(msg)));
        UNREACHABLE();
      }

      ASSERT(!cls.IsNull());
      func = cls.LookupFunctionAllowPrivate(function_name);
      field = cls.LookupFieldAllowPrivate(function_name);
    }

    if (func.IsNull() && field.IsNull()) {
      String& msg = String::Handle(
          Z, String::NewFormatted("Cannot find entry point '%s' '%s' '%s'\n",
                                  entry_points[i].library_uri,
                                  entry_points[i].class_name,
                                  entry_points[i].function_name));
      Jump(Error::Handle(Z, ApiError::New(msg)));
      UNREACHABLE();
    }

    if (!func.IsNull()) {
      AddFunction(func);
      entry_points_printer->AddEntryPoint(func);
      if (func.IsGenerativeConstructor()) {
        // Allocation stubs are referenced from the call site of the
        // constructor, not in the constructor itself. So compiling the
        // constructor isn't enough for us to discover the class is
        // instantiated if the class isn't otherwise instantiated from Dart
        // code and only instantiated from C++.
        AddInstantiatedClass(cls);
        entry_points_printer->AddInstantiatedClass(cls);
      }
    }
    if (!field.IsNull()) {
      AddField(field);
      entry_points_printer->AddEntryPoint(field);
    }
  }
}

void Precompiler::Iterate() {
  Function& function = Function::Handle(Z);

  while (changed_) {
    changed_ = false;

    while (pending_functions_.Length() > 0) {
      function ^= pending_functions_.RemoveLast();
      ProcessFunction(function);
    }

    CheckForNewDynamicFunctions();
    if (!changed_) {
      TraceConstFunctions();
    }
    CollectCallbackFields();
  }
}

void Precompiler::CollectCallbackFields() {
  Library& lib = Library::Handle(Z);
  Class& cls = Class::Handle(Z);
  Class& subcls = Class::Handle(Z);
  Array& fields = Array::Handle(Z);
  Field& field = Field::Handle(Z);
  Function& function = Function::Handle(Z);
  Function& dispatcher = Function::Handle(Z);
  Array& args_desc = Array::Handle(Z);
  AbstractType& field_type = AbstractType::Handle(Z);
  String& field_name = String::Handle(Z);
  GrowableArray<intptr_t> cids;

  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < libraries_.Length(); i++) {
    lib ^= libraries_.At(i);
    ClassDictionaryIterator it(lib, ClassDictionaryIterator::kIteratePrivate);
    while (it.HasNext()) {
      cls = it.GetNextClass();

      if (!cls.is_allocated()) continue;

      fields = cls.fields();
      for (intptr_t k = 0; k < fields.Length(); k++) {
        field ^= fields.At(k);
        if (field.is_static()) continue;
        field_type = field.type();
        if (!field_type.IsFunctionType()) continue;
        field_name = field.name();
        if (!IsSent(field_name)) continue;
        // Create arguments descriptor with fixed parameters from
        // signature of field_type.
        function = Type::Cast(field_type).signature();
        if (function.IsGeneric()) continue;
        if (function.HasOptionalParameters()) continue;
        if (FLAG_trace_precompiler) {
          THR_Print("Found callback field %s\n", field_name.ToCString());
        }
        args_desc = ArgumentsDescriptor::New(0,  // No type argument vector.
                                             function.num_fixed_parameters());
        cids.Clear();
        if (T->cha()->ConcreteSubclasses(cls, &cids)) {
          for (intptr_t j = 0; j < cids.length(); ++j) {
            subcls ^= I->class_table()->At(cids[j]);
            if (subcls.is_allocated()) {
              // Add dispatcher to cls.
              dispatcher = subcls.GetInvocationDispatcher(
                  field_name, args_desc, RawFunction::kInvokeFieldDispatcher,
                  /* create_if_absent = */ true);
              if (FLAG_trace_precompiler) {
                THR_Print("Added invoke-field-dispatcher for %s to %s\n",
                          field_name.ToCString(), subcls.ToCString());
              }
              AddFunction(dispatcher);
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

void Precompiler::ProcessFunction(const Function& function) {
  if (!function.HasCode()) {
    function_count_++;

    if (FLAG_trace_precompiler) {
      THR_Print("Precompiling %" Pd " %s (%s, %s)\n", function_count_,
                function.ToLibNamePrefixedQualifiedCString(),
                function.token_pos().ToCString(),
                Function::KindToCString(function.kind()));
    }

    ASSERT(!function.is_abstract());
    ASSERT(!function.IsRedirectingFactory());

    error_ = CompileFunction(this, thread_, zone_, function);
    if (!error_.IsNull()) {
      Jump(error_);
    }
    // Used in the JIT to save type-feedback across compilations.
    function.ClearICDataArray();
  } else {
    if (FLAG_trace_precompiler) {
      // This function was compiled from somewhere other than Precompiler,
      // such as const constructors compiled by the parser.
      THR_Print("Already has code: %s (%s, %s)\n",
                function.ToLibNamePrefixedQualifiedCString(),
                function.token_pos().ToCString(),
                Function::KindToCString(function.kind()));
    }
  }

  ASSERT(function.HasCode());
  AddCalleesOf(function);
}

void Precompiler::AddCalleesOf(const Function& function) {
  ASSERT(function.HasCode());

  const Code& code = Code::Handle(Z, function.CurrentCode());

  const Array& table = Array::Handle(Z, code.static_calls_target_table());
  Object& entry = Object::Handle(Z);
  Function& target = Function::Handle(Z);
  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < table.Length(); i++) {
    entry = table.At(i);
    if (entry.IsFunction()) {
      target ^= entry.raw();
      AddFunction(target);
    }
  }

#if defined(TARGET_ARCH_IA32)
  FATAL("Callee scanning unimplemented for IA32");
#endif

  const ObjectPool& pool = ObjectPool::Handle(Z, code.GetObjectPool());
  ICData& call_site = ICData::Handle(Z);
  MegamorphicCache& cache = MegamorphicCache::Handle(Z);
  String& selector = String::Handle(Z);
  Field& field = Field::Handle(Z);
  Class& cls = Class::Handle(Z);
  Instance& instance = Instance::Handle(Z);
  Code& target_code = Code::Handle(Z);
  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < pool.Length(); i++) {
    if (pool.TypeAt(i) == ObjectPool::kTaggedObject) {
      entry = pool.ObjectAt(i);
      if (entry.IsICData()) {
        // A dynamic call.
        call_site ^= entry.raw();
        ASSERT(!call_site.is_static_call());
        selector = call_site.target_name();
        AddSelector(selector);
        if (selector.raw() == Symbols::Call().raw()) {
          // Potential closure call.
          const Array& arguments_descriptor =
              Array::Handle(Z, call_site.arguments_descriptor());
          AddClosureCall(arguments_descriptor);
        }
      } else if (entry.IsMegamorphicCache()) {
        // A dynamic call.
        cache ^= entry.raw();
        selector = cache.target_name();
        AddSelector(selector);
        if (selector.raw() == Symbols::Call().raw()) {
          // Potential closure call.
          const Array& arguments_descriptor =
              Array::Handle(Z, cache.arguments_descriptor());
          AddClosureCall(arguments_descriptor);
        }
      } else if (entry.IsField()) {
        // Potential need for field initializer.
        field ^= entry.raw();
        AddField(field);
      } else if (entry.IsInstance()) {
        // Const object, literal or args descriptor.
        instance ^= entry.raw();
        AddConstObject(instance);
      } else if (entry.IsFunction()) {
        // Local closure function.
        target ^= entry.raw();
        AddFunction(target);
      } else if (entry.IsCode()) {
        target_code ^= entry.raw();
        if (target_code.IsAllocationStubCode()) {
          cls ^= target_code.owner();
          AddInstantiatedClass(cls);
        }
      }
    }
  }

  const Array& inlined_functions =
      Array::Handle(Z, code.inlined_id_to_function());
  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < inlined_functions.Length(); i++) {
    target ^= inlined_functions.At(i);
    AddTypesOf(target);
  }
}

void Precompiler::AddTypesOf(const Class& cls) {
  if (cls.IsNull()) return;
  if (classes_to_retain_.HasKey(&cls)) return;
  classes_to_retain_.Insert(&Class::ZoneHandle(Z, cls.raw()));

  Array& interfaces = Array::Handle(Z, cls.interfaces());
  AbstractType& type = AbstractType::Handle(Z);
  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < interfaces.Length(); i++) {
    type ^= interfaces.At(i);
    AddType(type);
  }

  AddTypeArguments(TypeArguments::Handle(Z, cls.type_parameters()));

  type = cls.super_type();
  AddType(type);

  type = cls.mixin();
  AddType(type);

  if (cls.IsTypedefClass()) {
    AddTypesOf(Function::Handle(Z, cls.signature_function()));
  }
}

void Precompiler::AddTypesOf(const Function& function) {
  if (function.IsNull()) return;
  if (functions_to_retain_.HasKey(&function)) return;
  // We don't expect to see a reference to a redirecting factory. Only its
  // target should remain.
  ASSERT(!function.IsRedirectingFactory());
  functions_to_retain_.Insert(&Function::ZoneHandle(Z, function.raw()));

  AbstractType& type = AbstractType::Handle(Z);
  type = function.result_type();
  AddType(type);
  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < function.NumParameters(); i++) {
    type = function.ParameterTypeAt(i);
    AddType(type);
  }
  Code& code = Code::Handle(Z, function.CurrentCode());
  if (code.IsNull()) {
    ASSERT(function.kind() == RawFunction::kSignatureFunction);
  } else {
    const ExceptionHandlers& handlers =
        ExceptionHandlers::Handle(Z, code.exception_handlers());
    if (!handlers.IsNull()) {
      Array& types = Array::Handle(Z);
      for (intptr_t i = 0; i < handlers.num_entries(); i++) {
        types = handlers.GetHandledTypes(i);
        for (intptr_t j = 0; j < types.Length(); j++) {
          type ^= types.At(j);
          AddType(type);
        }
      }
    }
  }
  // A function can always be inlined and have only a nested local function
  // remain.
  const Function& parent = Function::Handle(Z, function.parent_function());
  if (!parent.IsNull()) {
    AddTypesOf(parent);
  }
  if (function.IsSignatureFunction() || function.IsClosureFunction()) {
    type = function.ExistingSignatureType();
    if (!type.IsNull()) {
      AddType(type);
    }
  }
  // A class may have all functions inlined except a local function.
  const Class& owner = Class::Handle(Z, function.Owner());
  AddTypesOf(owner);
}

void Precompiler::AddType(const AbstractType& abstype) {
  if (abstype.IsNull()) return;

  if (types_to_retain_.HasKey(&abstype)) return;
  types_to_retain_.Insert(&AbstractType::ZoneHandle(Z, abstype.raw()));

  if (abstype.IsType()) {
    const Type& type = Type::Cast(abstype);
    const Class& cls = Class::Handle(Z, type.type_class());
    AddTypesOf(cls);
    const TypeArguments& vector = TypeArguments::Handle(Z, abstype.arguments());
    AddTypeArguments(vector);
    if (type.IsFunctionType()) {
      const Function& func = Function::Handle(Z, type.signature());
      AddTypesOf(func);
    }
  } else if (abstype.IsBoundedType()) {
    AbstractType& type = AbstractType::Handle(Z);
    type = BoundedType::Cast(abstype).type();
    AddType(type);
    type = BoundedType::Cast(abstype).bound();
    AddType(type);
  } else if (abstype.IsTypeRef()) {
    AbstractType& type = AbstractType::Handle(Z);
    type = TypeRef::Cast(abstype).type();
    AddType(type);
  } else if (abstype.IsTypeParameter()) {
    const AbstractType& type =
        AbstractType::Handle(Z, TypeParameter::Cast(abstype).bound());
    AddType(type);
    const Class& cls =
        Class::Handle(Z, TypeParameter::Cast(abstype).parameterized_class());
    AddTypesOf(cls);
  }
}

void Precompiler::AddTypeArguments(const TypeArguments& args) {
  if (args.IsNull()) return;

  if (typeargs_to_retain_.HasKey(&args)) return;
  typeargs_to_retain_.Insert(&TypeArguments::ZoneHandle(Z, args.raw()));

  AbstractType& arg = AbstractType::Handle(Z);
  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < args.Length(); i++) {
    arg = args.TypeAt(i);
    AddType(arg);
  }
}

void Precompiler::AddConstObject(const Instance& instance) {
  // Types and type arguments require special handling.
  if (instance.IsAbstractType()) {
    AddType(AbstractType::Cast(instance));
    return;
  } else if (instance.IsTypeArguments()) {
    AddTypeArguments(TypeArguments::Cast(instance));
    return;
  }

  const Class& cls = Class::Handle(Z, instance.clazz());
  AddInstantiatedClass(cls);

  if (instance.IsClosure()) {
    // An implicit static closure.
    const Function& func =
        Function::Handle(Z, Closure::Cast(instance).function());
    ASSERT(func.is_static());
    AddFunction(func);
    AddTypeArguments(TypeArguments::Handle(
        Z, Closure::Cast(instance).instantiator_type_arguments()));
    AddTypeArguments(TypeArguments::Handle(
        Z, Closure::Cast(instance).function_type_arguments()));
    return;
  }

  // Can't ask immediate objects if they're canoncial.
  if (instance.IsSmi()) return;

  // Some Instances in the ObjectPool aren't const objects, such as
  // argument descriptors.
  if (!instance.IsCanonical()) return;

  // Constants are canonicalized and we avoid repeated processing of them.
  if (consts_to_retain_.HasKey(&instance)) return;

  consts_to_retain_.Insert(&Instance::ZoneHandle(Z, instance.raw()));

  if (cls.NumTypeArguments() > 0) {
    AddTypeArguments(TypeArguments::Handle(Z, instance.GetTypeArguments()));
  }

  class ConstObjectVisitor : public ObjectPointerVisitor {
   public:
    ConstObjectVisitor(Precompiler* precompiler, Isolate* isolate)
        : ObjectPointerVisitor(isolate),
          precompiler_(precompiler),
          subinstance_(Object::Handle()) {}

    virtual void VisitPointers(RawObject** first, RawObject** last) {
      for (RawObject** current = first; current <= last; current++) {
        subinstance_ = *current;
        if (subinstance_.IsInstance()) {
          precompiler_->AddConstObject(Instance::Cast(subinstance_));
        }
      }
      subinstance_ = Object::null();
    }

   private:
    Precompiler* precompiler_;
    Object& subinstance_;
  };

  ConstObjectVisitor visitor(this, I);
  instance.raw()->VisitPointers(&visitor);
}

void Precompiler::AddClosureCall(const Array& arguments_descriptor) {
  const Class& cache_class =
      Class::Handle(Z, I->object_store()->closure_class());
  const Function& dispatcher = Function::Handle(
      Z, cache_class.GetInvocationDispatcher(
             Symbols::Call(), arguments_descriptor,
             RawFunction::kInvokeFieldDispatcher, true /* create_if_absent */));
  AddFunction(dispatcher);
}

void Precompiler::AddField(const Field& field) {
  if (fields_to_retain_.HasKey(&field)) return;

  fields_to_retain_.Insert(&Field::ZoneHandle(Z, field.raw()));

  if (field.is_static()) {
    const Object& value = Object::Handle(Z, field.StaticValue());
    if (value.IsInstance()) {
      AddConstObject(Instance::Cast(value));
    }

    if (field.has_initializer()) {
      // Should not be in the middle of initialization while precompiling.
      ASSERT(value.raw() != Object::transition_sentinel().raw());

      if (!field.HasPrecompiledInitializer() ||
          !Function::Handle(Z, field.PrecompiledInitializer()).HasCode()) {
        if (FLAG_trace_precompiler) {
          THR_Print("Precompiling initializer for %s\n", field.ToCString());
        }
        ASSERT(Dart::vm_snapshot_kind() != Snapshot::kFullAOT);
        const Function& initializer = Function::Handle(
            Z, CompileStaticInitializer(field, /* compute_type = */ true));
        ASSERT(!initializer.IsNull());
        field.SetPrecompiledInitializer(initializer);
        AddCalleesOf(initializer);
      }
    }
  }
}

RawFunction* Precompiler::CompileStaticInitializer(const Field& field,
                                                   bool compute_type) {
  ASSERT(field.is_static());
  Thread* thread = Thread::Current();
  StackZone stack_zone(thread);
  Zone* zone = stack_zone.GetZone();
  ASSERT(Error::Handle(zone, thread->sticky_error()).IsNull());

  ParsedFunction* parsed_function;
  // Check if this field is coming from the Kernel binary.
  if (field.kernel_offset() > 0) {
    parsed_function = kernel::ParseStaticFieldInitializer(zone, field);
  } else {
    parsed_function = Parser::ParseStaticFieldInitializer(field);
    parsed_function->AllocateVariables();
  }

  DartPrecompilationPipeline pipeline(zone);
  PrecompileParsedFunctionHelper helper(/* precompiler = */ NULL,
                                        parsed_function,
                                        /* optimized = */ true);
  if (!helper.Compile(&pipeline)) {
    Error& error = Error::Handle(zone, thread->sticky_error());
    ASSERT(!error.IsNull());
    Jump(error);
    UNREACHABLE();
  }

  if (compute_type && field.is_final()) {
    intptr_t result_cid = pipeline.result_type().ToCid();
    if (result_cid != kDynamicCid) {
#ifndef PRODUCT
      if (FLAG_trace_precompiler && FLAG_support_il_printer) {
        THR_Print("Setting guarded_cid of %s to %s\n", field.ToCString(),
                  pipeline.result_type().ToCString());
      }
#endif  // !PRODUCT
      field.set_guarded_cid(result_cid);
    }
  }

  if ((FLAG_disassemble || FLAG_disassemble_optimized) &&
      FlowGraphPrinter::ShouldPrint(parsed_function->function())) {
    Code& code = Code::Handle(parsed_function->function().CurrentCode());
    Disassembler::DisassembleCode(parsed_function->function(), code,
                                  /* optimized = */ true);
  }

  ASSERT(Error::Handle(zone, thread->sticky_error()).IsNull());
  return parsed_function->function().raw();
}

RawObject* Precompiler::EvaluateStaticInitializer(const Field& field) {
  ASSERT(field.is_static());
  // The VM sets the field's value to transiton_sentinel prior to
  // evaluating the initializer value.
  ASSERT(field.StaticValue() == Object::transition_sentinel().raw());
  LongJumpScope jump;
  if (setjmp(*jump.Set()) == 0) {
    // Under precompilation, the initializer may have already been compiled, in
    // which case use it. Under lazy compilation or early in precompilation, the
    // initializer has not yet been created, so create it now, but don't bother
    // remembering it because it won't be used again.
    Function& initializer = Function::Handle();
    if (!field.HasPrecompiledInitializer()) {
      initializer = CompileStaticInitializer(field, /* compute_type = */ false);
    } else {
      initializer ^= field.PrecompiledInitializer();
    }
    // Invoke the function to evaluate the expression.
    return DartEntry::InvokeFunction(initializer, Object::empty_array());
  } else {
    Thread* const thread = Thread::Current();
    StackZone zone(thread);
    const Error& error = Error::Handle(thread->zone(), thread->sticky_error());
    thread->clear_sticky_error();
    return error.raw();
  }
  UNREACHABLE();
  return Object::null();
}

RawObject* Precompiler::ExecuteOnce(SequenceNode* fragment) {
  LongJumpScope jump;
  if (setjmp(*jump.Set()) == 0) {
    Thread* const thread = Thread::Current();
    if (FLAG_support_ast_printer && FLAG_trace_compiler) {
      THR_Print("compiling expression: ");
      AstPrinter ast_printer;
      ast_printer.PrintNode(fragment);
    }

    // Create a dummy function object for the code generator.
    // The function needs to be associated with a named Class: the interface
    // Function fits the bill.
    const char* kEvalConst = "eval_const";
    const Function& func = Function::ZoneHandle(Function::New(
        String::Handle(Symbols::New(thread, kEvalConst)),
        RawFunction::kRegularFunction,
        true,   // static function
        false,  // not const function
        false,  // not abstract
        false,  // not external
        false,  // not native
        Class::Handle(Type::Handle(Type::DartFunctionType()).type_class()),
        fragment->token_pos()));

    func.set_result_type(Object::dynamic_type());
    func.set_num_fixed_parameters(0);
    func.SetNumOptionalParameters(0, true);
    // Manually generated AST, do not recompile.
    func.SetIsOptimizable(false);
    func.set_is_debuggable(false);

    // We compile the function here, even though InvokeFunction() below
    // would compile func automatically. We are checking fewer invariants
    // here.
    ParsedFunction* parsed_function = new ParsedFunction(thread, func);
    parsed_function->SetNodeSequence(fragment);
    fragment->scope()->AddVariable(parsed_function->EnsureExpressionTemp());
    fragment->scope()->AddVariable(parsed_function->current_context_var());
    parsed_function->AllocateVariables();

    // Non-optimized code generator.
    DartPrecompilationPipeline pipeline(Thread::Current()->zone());
    PrecompileParsedFunctionHelper helper(/* precompiler = */ NULL,
                                          parsed_function,
                                          /* optimized = */ false);
    helper.Compile(&pipeline);
    Code::Handle(func.unoptimized_code())
        .set_var_descriptors(Object::empty_var_descriptors());

    const Object& result = PassiveObject::Handle(
        DartEntry::InvokeFunction(func, Object::empty_array()));
    return result.raw();
  } else {
    Thread* const thread = Thread::Current();
    const Object& result = PassiveObject::Handle(thread->sticky_error());
    thread->clear_sticky_error();
    return result.raw();
  }
  UNREACHABLE();
  return Object::null();
}

void Precompiler::AddFunction(const Function& function) {
  if (enqueued_functions_.HasKey(&function)) return;

  enqueued_functions_.Insert(&Function::ZoneHandle(Z, function.raw()));
  pending_functions_.Add(function);
  changed_ = true;
}

bool Precompiler::IsSent(const String& selector) {
  if (selector.IsNull()) {
    return false;
  }
  return sent_selectors_.HasKey(&selector);
}

void Precompiler::AddSelector(const String& selector) {
  ASSERT(!selector.IsNull());

  if (!IsSent(selector)) {
    sent_selectors_.Insert(&String::ZoneHandle(Z, selector.raw()));
    selector_count_++;
    changed_ = true;

    if (FLAG_trace_precompiler) {
      THR_Print("Enqueueing selector %" Pd " %s\n", selector_count_,
                selector.ToCString());
    }
  }
}

void Precompiler::AddInstantiatedClass(const Class& cls) {
  if (cls.is_allocated()) return;

  class_count_++;
  cls.set_is_allocated(true);
  error_ = cls.EnsureIsFinalized(T);
  if (!error_.IsNull()) {
    Jump(error_);
  }

  changed_ = true;

  if (FLAG_trace_precompiler) {
    THR_Print("Allocation %" Pd " %s\n", class_count_, cls.ToCString());
  }

  const Class& superclass = Class::Handle(cls.SuperClass());
  if (!superclass.IsNull()) {
    AddInstantiatedClass(superclass);
  }
}

// Adds all values annotated with @pragma('vm.entry_point') as roots.
void Precompiler::AddAnnotatedRoots() {
  auto& lib = Library::Handle(Z);
  auto& cls = Class::Handle(isolate()->object_store()->pragma_class());
  auto& functions = Array::Handle(Z);
  auto& function = Function::Handle(Z);
  auto& metadata = Array::Handle(Z);
  auto& pragma = Object::Handle(Z);
  auto& pragma_options = Object::Handle(Z);
  auto& pragma_name_field = Field::Handle(Z, cls.LookupField(Symbols::name()));
  auto& pragma_options_field =
      Field::Handle(Z, cls.LookupField(Symbols::options()));

  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < libraries_.Length(); i++) {
    lib ^= libraries_.At(i);
    ClassDictionaryIterator it(lib, ClassDictionaryIterator::kIteratePrivate);
    while (it.HasNext()) {
      cls = it.GetNextClass();
      functions = cls.functions();
      for (intptr_t k = 0; k < functions.Length(); k++) {
        function ^= functions.At(k);
        if (!function.has_pragma()) continue;
        metadata ^= lib.GetMetadata(function);
        if (metadata.IsNull()) continue;

        bool is_entry_point = false;
        for (intptr_t i = 0; i < metadata.Length(); i++) {
          pragma = metadata.At(i);
          if (pragma.clazz() != isolate()->object_store()->pragma_class()) {
            continue;
          }
          if (Instance::Cast(pragma).GetField(pragma_name_field) !=
              Symbols::vm_entry_point().raw()) {
            continue;
          }
          pragma_options =
              Instance::Cast(pragma).GetField(pragma_options_field);
          if (pragma_options.raw() == Bool::null() ||
              pragma_options.raw() == Bool::True().raw()) {
            is_entry_point = true;
            break;
          }
        }

        if (!is_entry_point) continue;

        AddFunction(function);
        if (function.IsGenerativeConstructor()) {
          AddInstantiatedClass(cls);
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

void Precompiler::CheckForNewDynamicFunctions() {
  Library& lib = Library::Handle(Z);
  Class& cls = Class::Handle(Z);
  Array& functions = Array::Handle(Z);
  Function& function = Function::Handle(Z);
  Function& function2 = Function::Handle(Z);
  String& selector = String::Handle(Z);
  String& selector2 = String::Handle(Z);
  String& selector3 = String::Handle(Z);

  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < libraries_.Length(); i++) {
    lib ^= libraries_.At(i);
    ClassDictionaryIterator it(lib, ClassDictionaryIterator::kIteratePrivate);
    while (it.HasNext()) {
      cls = it.GetNextClass();

      if (!cls.is_allocated()) continue;

      functions = cls.functions();
      for (intptr_t k = 0; k < functions.Length(); k++) {
        function ^= functions.At(k);

        if (function.is_static() || function.is_abstract()) continue;

        // Don't bail out early if there is already code because we may discover
        // the corresponding getter selector is sent in some later iteration.
        // if (function.HasCode()) continue;

        selector = function.name();
        if (IsSent(selector)) {
          AddFunction(function);
        }

        // Handle the implicit call type conversions.
        if (Field::IsGetterName(selector)) {
          selector2 = Field::NameFromGetter(selector);
          selector3 = Symbols::Lookup(thread(), selector2);
          if (IsSent(selector2)) {
            // Call-through-getter.
            // Function is get:foo and somewhere foo is called.
            AddFunction(function);
          }
        } else if (function.kind() == RawFunction::kRegularFunction) {
          selector2 = Field::LookupGetterSymbol(selector);
          if (IsSent(selector2)) {
            // Closurization.
            // Function is foo and somewhere get:foo is called.
            function2 = function.ImplicitClosureFunction();
            AddFunction(function2);

            // Add corresponding method extractor.
            function2 = function.GetMethodExtractor(selector2);
            AddFunction(function2);
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

class NameFunctionsTraits {
 public:
  static const char* Name() { return "NameFunctionsTraits"; }
  static bool ReportStats() { return false; }

  static bool IsMatch(const Object& a, const Object& b) {
    return a.IsString() && b.IsString() &&
           String::Cast(a).Equals(String::Cast(b));
  }
  static uword Hash(const Object& obj) { return String::Cast(obj).Hash(); }
  static RawObject* NewKey(const String& str) { return str.raw(); }
};

typedef UnorderedHashMap<NameFunctionsTraits> Table;

static void AddNameToFunctionsTable(Zone* zone,
                                    Table* table,
                                    const String& fname,
                                    const Function& function) {
  Array& farray = Array::Handle(zone);
  farray ^= table->InsertNewOrGetValue(fname, Array::empty_array());
  farray = Array::Grow(farray, farray.Length() + 1);
  farray.SetAt(farray.Length() - 1, function);
  table->UpdateValue(fname, farray);
}

void Precompiler::CollectDynamicFunctionNames() {
  if (!FLAG_collect_dynamic_function_names) {
    return;
  }
  Library& lib = Library::Handle(Z);
  Class& cls = Class::Handle(Z);
  Array& functions = Array::Handle(Z);
  Function& function = Function::Handle(Z);
  String& fname = String::Handle(Z);
  Array& farray = Array::Handle(Z);

  Table table(HashTables::New<Table>(100));
  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < libraries_.Length(); i++) {
    lib ^= libraries_.At(i);
    ClassDictionaryIterator it(lib, ClassDictionaryIterator::kIteratePrivate);
    while (it.HasNext()) {
      cls = it.GetNextClass();
      if (cls.IsDynamicClass()) {
        continue;  // class 'dynamic' is in the read-only VM isolate.
      }
      functions = cls.functions();
      for (intptr_t j = 0; j < functions.Length(); j++) {
        function ^= functions.At(j);
        if (function.IsDynamicFunction()) {
          fname = function.name();
          if (function.IsSetterFunction() ||
              function.IsImplicitSetterFunction()) {
            AddNameToFunctionsTable(zone(), &table, fname, function);
          } else if (function.IsGetterFunction() ||
                     function.IsImplicitGetterFunction()) {
            // Enter both getter and non getter name.
            AddNameToFunctionsTable(zone(), &table, fname, function);
            fname = Field::NameFromGetter(fname);
            AddNameToFunctionsTable(zone(), &table, fname, function);
          } else if (function.IsMethodExtractor()) {
            // Skip. We already add getter names for regular methods below.
            continue;
          } else {
            // Regular function. Enter both getter and non getter name.
            AddNameToFunctionsTable(zone(), &table, fname, function);
            fname = Field::GetterName(fname);
            AddNameToFunctionsTable(zone(), &table, fname, function);
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // Locate all entries with one function only
  Table::Iterator iter(&table);
  String& key = String::Handle(Z);
  UniqueFunctionsSet functions_set(HashTables::New<UniqueFunctionsSet>(20));
  while (iter.MoveNext()) {
    intptr_t curr_key = iter.Current();
    key ^= table.GetKey(curr_key);
    farray ^= table.GetOrNull(key);
    ASSERT(!farray.IsNull());
    if (farray.Length() == 1) {
      function ^= farray.At(0);
      cls = function.Owner();
      functions_set.Insert(function);
    }
  }

  farray ^= table.GetOrNull(Symbols::GetRuntimeType());

  get_runtime_type_is_unique_ = !farray.IsNull() && (farray.Length() == 1);

  if (FLAG_print_unique_targets) {
    UniqueFunctionsSet::Iterator unique_iter(&functions_set);
    while (unique_iter.MoveNext()) {
      intptr_t curr_key = unique_iter.Current();
      function ^= functions_set.GetKey(curr_key);
      THR_Print("* %s\n", function.ToQualifiedCString());
    }
    THR_Print("%" Pd " of %" Pd " dynamic selectors are unique\n",
              functions_set.NumOccupied(), table.NumOccupied());
  }

  isolate()->object_store()->set_unique_dynamic_targets(
      functions_set.Release());
  table.Release();
}

void Precompiler::TraceConstFunctions() {
  // Compilation of const accessors happens outside of the treeshakers
  // queue, so we haven't previously scanned its literal pool.

  Library& lib = Library::Handle(Z);
  Class& cls = Class::Handle(Z);
  Array& functions = Array::Handle(Z);
  Function& function = Function::Handle(Z);

  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < libraries_.Length(); i++) {
    lib ^= libraries_.At(i);
    ClassDictionaryIterator it(lib, ClassDictionaryIterator::kIteratePrivate);
    while (it.HasNext()) {
      cls = it.GetNextClass();
      if (cls.IsDynamicClass()) {
        continue;  // class 'dynamic' is in the read-only VM isolate.
      }

      functions = cls.functions();
      for (intptr_t j = 0; j < functions.Length(); j++) {
        function ^= functions.At(j);
        if (function.is_const() && function.HasCode()) {
          AddCalleesOf(function);
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

void Precompiler::TraceForRetainedFunctions() {
  Library& lib = Library::Handle(Z);
  Class& cls = Class::Handle(Z);
  Array& functions = Array::Handle(Z);
  Function& function = Function::Handle(Z);
  Function& function2 = Function::Handle(Z);
  GrowableObjectArray& closures = GrowableObjectArray::Handle(Z);

  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < libraries_.Length(); i++) {
    lib ^= libraries_.At(i);
    ClassDictionaryIterator it(lib, ClassDictionaryIterator::kIteratePrivate);
    while (it.HasNext()) {
      cls = it.GetNextClass();
      if (cls.IsDynamicClass()) {
        continue;  // class 'dynamic' is in the read-only VM isolate.
      }

      functions = cls.functions();
      for (intptr_t j = 0; j < functions.Length(); j++) {
        function ^= functions.At(j);
        bool retain = enqueued_functions_.HasKey(&function);
        if (!retain && function.HasImplicitClosureFunction()) {
          // It can happen that all uses of an implicit closure inline their
          // target function, leaving the target function uncompiled. Keep
          // the target function anyway so we can enumerate it to bind its
          // static calls, etc.
          function2 = function.ImplicitClosureFunction();
          retain = function2.HasCode();
        }
        if (retain) {
          function.DropUncompiledImplicitClosureFunction();
          AddTypesOf(function);
        }
      }
    }
  }

  closures = isolate()->object_store()->closure_functions();
  for (intptr_t j = 0; j < closures.Length(); j++) {
    function ^= closures.At(j);
    bool retain = enqueued_functions_.HasKey(&function);
    if (retain) {
      AddTypesOf(function);

      cls = function.Owner();
      AddTypesOf(cls);

      // It can happen that all uses of a function are inlined, leaving
      // a compiled local function with an uncompiled parent. Retain such
      // parents and their enclosing classes and libraries.
      function = function.parent_function();
      while (!function.IsNull()) {
        AddTypesOf(function);
        function = function.parent_function();
      }
    }
  }
}

void Precompiler::DropFunctions() {
  Library& lib = Library::Handle(Z);
  Class& cls = Class::Handle(Z);
  Array& functions = Array::Handle(Z);
  Function& function = Function::Handle(Z);
  GrowableObjectArray& retained_functions = GrowableObjectArray::Handle(Z);
  GrowableObjectArray& closures = GrowableObjectArray::Handle(Z);

  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < libraries_.Length(); i++) {
    lib ^= libraries_.At(i);
    ClassDictionaryIterator it(lib, ClassDictionaryIterator::kIteratePrivate);
    while (it.HasNext()) {
      cls = it.GetNextClass();
      if (cls.IsDynamicClass()) {
        continue;  // class 'dynamic' is in the read-only VM isolate.
      }

      functions = cls.functions();
      retained_functions = GrowableObjectArray::New();
      for (intptr_t j = 0; j < functions.Length(); j++) {
        function ^= functions.At(j);
        bool retain = functions_to_retain_.HasKey(&function);
        function.DropUncompiledImplicitClosureFunction();
        if (retain) {
          retained_functions.Add(function);
        } else {
          dropped_function_count_++;
          if (FLAG_trace_precompiler) {
            THR_Print("Dropping function %s\n",
                      function.ToLibNamePrefixedQualifiedCString());
          }
        }
      }

      if (retained_functions.Length() > 0) {
        functions = Array::MakeFixedLength(retained_functions);
        cls.SetFunctions(functions);
      } else {
        cls.SetFunctions(Object::empty_array());
      }
    }
  }

  closures = isolate()->object_store()->closure_functions();
  retained_functions = GrowableObjectArray::New();
  for (intptr_t j = 0; j < closures.Length(); j++) {
    function ^= closures.At(j);
    bool retain = functions_to_retain_.HasKey(&function);
    if (retain) {
      retained_functions.Add(function);
    } else {
      dropped_function_count_++;
      if (FLAG_trace_precompiler) {
        THR_Print("Dropping function %s\n",
                  function.ToLibNamePrefixedQualifiedCString());
      }
    }
  }
  isolate()->object_store()->set_closure_functions(retained_functions);
}

void Precompiler::DropFields() {
  Library& lib = Library::Handle(Z);
  Class& cls = Class::Handle(Z);
  Array& fields = Array::Handle(Z);
  Field& field = Field::Handle(Z);
  GrowableObjectArray& retained_fields = GrowableObjectArray::Handle(Z);
  AbstractType& type = AbstractType::Handle(Z);

  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < libraries_.Length(); i++) {
    lib ^= libraries_.At(i);
    ClassDictionaryIterator it(lib, ClassDictionaryIterator::kIteratePrivate);
    while (it.HasNext()) {
      cls = it.GetNextClass();
      if (cls.IsDynamicClass()) {
        continue;  // class 'dynamic' is in the read-only VM isolate.
      }

      fields = cls.fields();
      retained_fields = GrowableObjectArray::New();
      for (intptr_t j = 0; j < fields.Length(); j++) {
        field ^= fields.At(j);
        bool retain = fields_to_retain_.HasKey(&field);
        if (retain) {
          retained_fields.Add(field);
          type = field.type();
          AddType(type);
        } else {
          dropped_field_count_++;
          if (FLAG_trace_precompiler) {
            THR_Print("Dropping field %s\n", field.ToCString());
          }
        }
      }

      if (retained_fields.Length() > 0) {
        fields = Array::MakeFixedLength(retained_fields);
        cls.SetFields(fields);
      } else {
        cls.SetFields(Object::empty_array());
      }
    }
  }
}

void Precompiler::AttachOptimizedTypeTestingStub() {
  Isolate::Current()->heap()->CollectAllGarbage();
  GrowableHandlePtrArray<const AbstractType> types(Z, 200);
  {
    class TypesCollector : public ObjectVisitor {
     public:
      explicit TypesCollector(Zone* zone,
                              GrowableHandlePtrArray<const AbstractType>* types)
          : type_(AbstractType::Handle(zone)), types_(types) {}

      void VisitObject(RawObject* obj) {
        if (obj->GetClassId() == kTypeCid || obj->GetClassId() == kTypeRefCid) {
          type_ ^= obj;
          types_->Add(type_);
        }
      }

     private:
      AbstractType& type_;
      GrowableHandlePtrArray<const AbstractType>* types_;
    };

    HeapIterationScope his(T);
    TypesCollector visitor(Z, &types);

    // Find all type objects in this isolate.
    I->heap()->VisitObjects(&visitor);

    // Find all type objects in the vm-isolate.
    Dart::vm_isolate()->heap()->VisitObjects(&visitor);
  }

  TypeUsageInfo* type_usage_info = Thread::Current()->type_usage_info();

  // At this point we're not generating any new code, so we build a picture of
  // which types we might type-test against.
  type_usage_info->BuildTypeUsageInformation();

  TypeTestingStubGenerator type_testing_stubs;
  Instructions& instr = Instructions::Handle();
  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < types.length(); i++) {
    const AbstractType& type = types.At(i);

    if (!type.IsResolved()) {
      continue;
    }

    if (type.InVMHeap()) {
      // The only important types in the vm isolate are "dynamic"/"void", which
      // will get their optimized top-type testing stub installed at creation.
      continue;
    }

    if (type.IsResolved() && !type.IsMalformedOrMalbounded()) {
      if (type_usage_info->IsUsedInTypeTest(type)) {
        instr = type_testing_stubs.OptimizedCodeForType(type);
        type.SetTypeTestingStub(instr);

        // Ensure we retain the type.
        AddType(type);
      }
    }
  }

  ASSERT(Object::dynamic_type().type_test_stub_entry_point() !=
         StubCode::DefaultTypeTest_entry()->EntryPoint());
}

void Precompiler::DropTypes() {
  ObjectStore* object_store = I->object_store();
  GrowableObjectArray& retained_types =
      GrowableObjectArray::Handle(Z, GrowableObjectArray::New());
  Array& types_array = Array::Handle(Z);
  Type& type = Type::Handle(Z);
  // First drop all the types that are not referenced.
  {
    CanonicalTypeSet types_table(Z, object_store->canonical_types());
    types_array = HashTables::ToArray(types_table, false);
    for (intptr_t i = 0; i < (types_array.Length() - 1); i++) {
      type ^= types_array.At(i);
      bool retain = types_to_retain_.HasKey(&type);
      if (retain) {
        retained_types.Add(type);
      } else {
        dropped_type_count_++;
      }
    }
    types_table.Release();
  }

  // Now construct a new type table and save in the object store.
  const intptr_t dict_size =
      Utils::RoundUpToPowerOfTwo(retained_types.Length() * 4 / 3);
  types_array = HashTables::New<CanonicalTypeSet>(dict_size, Heap::kOld);
  CanonicalTypeSet types_table(Z, types_array.raw());
  bool present;
  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < retained_types.Length(); i++) {
    type ^= retained_types.At(i);
    present = types_table.Insert(type);
    ASSERT(!present);
  }
  object_store->set_canonical_types(types_table.Release());
}

void Precompiler::DropTypeArguments() {
  ObjectStore* object_store = I->object_store();
  Array& typeargs_array = Array::Handle(Z);
  GrowableObjectArray& retained_typeargs =
      GrowableObjectArray::Handle(Z, GrowableObjectArray::New());
  TypeArguments& typeargs = TypeArguments::Handle(Z);
  // First drop all the type arguments that are not referenced.
  {
    CanonicalTypeArgumentsSet typeargs_table(
        Z, object_store->canonical_type_arguments());
    typeargs_array = HashTables::ToArray(typeargs_table, false);
    for (intptr_t i = 0; i < (typeargs_array.Length() - 1); i++) {
      typeargs ^= typeargs_array.At(i);
      bool retain = typeargs_to_retain_.HasKey(&typeargs);
      if (retain) {
        retained_typeargs.Add(typeargs);
      } else {
        dropped_typearg_count_++;
      }
    }
    typeargs_table.Release();
  }

  // Now construct a new type arguments table and save in the object store.
  const intptr_t dict_size =
      Utils::RoundUpToPowerOfTwo(retained_typeargs.Length() * 4 / 3);
  typeargs_array =
      HashTables::New<CanonicalTypeArgumentsSet>(dict_size, Heap::kOld);
  CanonicalTypeArgumentsSet typeargs_table(Z, typeargs_array.raw());
  bool present;
  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < retained_typeargs.Length(); i++) {
    typeargs ^= retained_typeargs.At(i);
    present = typeargs_table.Insert(typeargs);
    ASSERT(!present);
  }
  object_store->set_canonical_type_arguments(typeargs_table.Release());
}

void Precompiler::DropScriptData() {
  Library& lib = Library::Handle(Z);
  Array& scripts = Array::Handle(Z);
  Script& script = Script::Handle(Z);
  const TokenStream& null_tokens = TokenStream::Handle(Z);
  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < libraries_.Length(); i++) {
    lib ^= libraries_.At(i);
    scripts = lib.LoadedScripts();
    for (intptr_t j = 0; j < scripts.Length(); j++) {
      script ^= scripts.At(j);
      script.set_compile_time_constants(Array::null_array());
      script.set_source(String::null_string());
      script.set_tokens(null_tokens);
    }
  }
}

void Precompiler::TraceTypesFromRetainedClasses() {
  Library& lib = Library::Handle(Z);
  Class& cls = Class::Handle(Z);
  Array& members = Array::Handle(Z);
  Array& constants = Array::Handle(Z);
  GrowableObjectArray& retained_constants = GrowableObjectArray::Handle(Z);
  Instance& constant = Instance::Handle(Z);

  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < libraries_.Length(); i++) {
    lib ^= libraries_.At(i);
    ClassDictionaryIterator it(lib, ClassDictionaryIterator::kIteratePrivate);
    while (it.HasNext()) {
      cls = it.GetNextClass();
      if (cls.IsDynamicClass()) {
        continue;  // class 'dynamic' is in the read-only VM isolate.
      }

      // The subclasses array is only needed for CHA.
      cls.ClearDirectSubclasses();

      bool retain = false;
      members = cls.fields();
      if (members.Length() > 0) {
        retain = true;
      }
      members = cls.functions();
      if (members.Length() > 0) {
        retain = true;
      }
      if (cls.is_allocated()) {
        retain = true;
      }
      if (cls.is_enum_class()) {
        // Enum classes have live instances, so we cannot unregister
        // them.
        retain = true;
      }

      constants = cls.constants();
      retained_constants = GrowableObjectArray::New();
      for (intptr_t j = 0; j < constants.Length(); j++) {
        constant ^= constants.At(j);
        bool retain = consts_to_retain_.HasKey(&constant);
        if (retain) {
          retained_constants.Add(constant);
        }
      }
      intptr_t cid = cls.id();
      if (cid == kDoubleCid) {
        // Rehash.
        cls.set_constants(Object::empty_array());
        for (intptr_t j = 0; j < retained_constants.Length(); j++) {
          constant ^= retained_constants.At(j);
          cls.InsertCanonicalDouble(Z, Double::Cast(constant));
        }
      } else if (cid == kMintCid) {
        // Rehash.
        cls.set_constants(Object::empty_array());
        for (intptr_t j = 0; j < retained_constants.Length(); j++) {
          constant ^= retained_constants.At(j);
          cls.InsertCanonicalMint(Z, Mint::Cast(constant));
        }
      } else {
        // Rehash.
        cls.set_constants(Object::empty_array());
        for (intptr_t j = 0; j < retained_constants.Length(); j++) {
          constant ^= retained_constants.At(j);
          cls.InsertCanonicalConstant(Z, constant);
        }
      }

      if (retained_constants.Length() > 0) {
        ASSERT(retain);  // This shouldn't be the reason we keep a class.
        retain = true;
      }

      if (retain) {
        AddTypesOf(cls);
      }
    }
  }
}

void Precompiler::DropMetadata() {
  Library& lib = Library::Handle(Z);
  const GrowableObjectArray& null_growable_list =
      GrowableObjectArray::Handle(Z);
  Array& dependencies = Array::Handle(Z);
  Namespace& ns = Namespace::Handle(Z);
  const Field& null_field = Field::Handle(Z);

  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < libraries_.Length(); i++) {
    lib ^= libraries_.At(i);
    lib.set_metadata(null_growable_list);

    dependencies = lib.imports();
    for (intptr_t j = 0; j < dependencies.Length(); j++) {
      ns ^= dependencies.At(j);
      if (!ns.IsNull()) {
        ns.set_metadata_field(null_field);
      }
    }

    dependencies = lib.exports();
    for (intptr_t j = 0; j < dependencies.Length(); j++) {
      ns ^= dependencies.At(j);
      if (!ns.IsNull()) {
        ns.set_metadata_field(null_field);
      }
    }
  }
}

void Precompiler::DropLibraryEntries() {
  Library& lib = Library::Handle(Z);
  Array& dict = Array::Handle(Z);
  Object& entry = Object::Handle(Z);

  Array& scripts = Array::Handle(Z);
  Script& script = Script::Handle(Z);
  KernelProgramInfo& program_info = KernelProgramInfo::Handle(Z);

  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < libraries_.Length(); i++) {
    lib ^= libraries_.At(i);

    dict = lib.dictionary();
    intptr_t dict_size = dict.Length() - 1;
    intptr_t used = 0;
    for (intptr_t j = 0; j < dict_size; j++) {
      entry = dict.At(j);
      if (entry.IsNull()) continue;

      if (entry.IsClass()) {
        if (classes_to_retain_.HasKey(&Class::Cast(entry))) {
          used++;
          continue;
        }
      } else if (entry.IsFunction()) {
        if (functions_to_retain_.HasKey(&Function::Cast(entry))) {
          used++;
          continue;
        }
      } else if (entry.IsField()) {
        if (fields_to_retain_.HasKey(&Field::Cast(entry))) {
          used++;
          continue;
        }
      } else if (entry.IsLibraryPrefix()) {
        // Always drop.
      } else {
        FATAL1("Unexpected library entry: %s", entry.ToCString());
      }
      dict.SetAt(j, Object::null_object());
    }
    lib.RehashDictionary(dict, used * 4 / 3 + 1);
    if (!(retain_root_library_caches_ &&
          (lib.raw() == I->object_store()->root_library()))) {
      lib.DropDependenciesAndCaches();
    }

    scripts = lib.LoadedScripts();
    if (!scripts.IsNull()) {
      for (intptr_t i = 0; i < scripts.Length(); ++i) {
        script = Script::RawCast(scripts.At(i));
        program_info = script.kernel_program_info();
        if (!program_info.IsNull()) {
          program_info.set_constants(Array::null_array());
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

void Precompiler::DropClasses() {
  Class& cls = Class::Handle(Z);
  Array& constants = Array::Handle(Z);

#if defined(DEBUG)
  // We are about to remove classes from the class table. For this to be safe,
  // there must be no instances of these classes on the heap, not even
  // corpses because the class table entry may be used to find the size of
  // corpses. Request a full GC and wait for the sweeper tasks to finish before
  // we continue.
  I->heap()->CollectAllGarbage();
  I->heap()->WaitForSweeperTasks(T);
#endif

  ClassTable* class_table = I->class_table();
  intptr_t num_cids = class_table->NumCids();

  for (intptr_t cid = kNumPredefinedCids; cid < num_cids; cid++) {
    if (!class_table->IsValidIndex(cid)) continue;
    if (!class_table->HasValidClassAt(cid)) continue;

    cls = class_table->At(cid);
    ASSERT(!cls.IsNull());

    if (cls.IsTopLevel()) {
      // Top-level classes are referenced directly from their library. They
      // will only be removed as a consequence of an entire library being
      // removed.
      continue;
    }

    bool retain = classes_to_retain_.HasKey(&cls);
    if (retain) {
      continue;
    }

    ASSERT(!cls.is_allocated());
    constants = cls.constants();
    ASSERT(constants.Length() == 0);

#if defined(DEBUG)
    intptr_t instances =
        class_table->StatsWithUpdatedSize(cid)->post_gc.new_count +
        class_table->StatsWithUpdatedSize(cid)->post_gc.old_count;
    if (instances != 0) {
      FATAL2("Want to drop class %s, but it has %" Pd " instances\n",
             cls.ToCString(), instances);
    }
#endif

    dropped_class_count_++;
    if (FLAG_trace_precompiler) {
      THR_Print("Dropping class %" Pd " %s\n", cid, cls.ToCString());
    }

#if defined(DEBUG)
    class_table->Unregister(cid);
#endif
    cls.set_id(kIllegalCid);  // We check this when serializing.
  }
}

void Precompiler::DropLibraries() {
  const GrowableObjectArray& retained_libraries =
      GrowableObjectArray::Handle(Z, GrowableObjectArray::New());
  const Library& root_lib =
      Library::Handle(Z, I->object_store()->root_library());
  Library& lib = Library::Handle(Z);
  Class& toplevel_class = Class::Handle(Z);

  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < libraries_.Length(); i++) {
    lib ^= libraries_.At(i);
    intptr_t entries = 0;
    DictionaryIterator it(lib);
    while (it.HasNext()) {
      entries++;
      it.GetNext();
    }
    bool retain = false;
    if (entries > 0) {
      retain = true;
    } else if (lib.is_dart_scheme()) {
      // The core libraries are referenced from the object store.
      retain = true;
    } else if (lib.raw() == root_lib.raw()) {
      // The root library might have no surviving members if it only exports
      // main from another library. It will still be referenced from the object
      // store, so retain it.
      retain = true;
    } else {
      // A type for a top-level class may be referenced from an object pool as
      // part of an error message.
      toplevel_class = lib.toplevel_class();
      if (classes_to_retain_.HasKey(&toplevel_class)) {
        retain = true;
      }
    }

    if (retain) {
      lib.set_index(retained_libraries.Length());
      retained_libraries.Add(lib);
    } else {
      toplevel_class = lib.toplevel_class();
#if defined(DEBUG)
      I->class_table()->Unregister(toplevel_class.id());
#endif
      toplevel_class.set_id(kIllegalCid);  // We check this when serializing.

      dropped_library_count_++;
      lib.set_index(-1);
      if (FLAG_trace_precompiler) {
        THR_Print("Dropping library %s\n", lib.ToCString());
      }
    }
  }

  Library::RegisterLibraries(T, retained_libraries);
  libraries_ = retained_libraries.raw();
}

void Precompiler::BindStaticCalls() {
  class BindStaticCallsVisitor : public FunctionVisitor {
   public:
    explicit BindStaticCallsVisitor(Zone* zone)
        : code_(Code::Handle(zone)),
          table_(Array::Handle(zone)),
          pc_offset_(Smi::Handle(zone)),
          target_(Function::Handle(zone)),
          target_code_(Code::Handle(zone)) {}

    void Visit(const Function& function) {
      if (!function.HasCode()) {
        return;
      }
      code_ = function.CurrentCode();
      table_ = code_.static_calls_target_table();

      for (intptr_t i = 0; i < table_.Length();
           i += Code::kSCallTableEntryLength) {
        pc_offset_ ^= table_.At(i + Code::kSCallTableOffsetEntry);
        target_ ^= table_.At(i + Code::kSCallTableFunctionEntry);
        if (target_.IsNull()) {
          target_code_ ^= table_.At(i + Code::kSCallTableCodeEntry);
          ASSERT(!target_code_.IsNull());
          ASSERT(!target_code_.IsFunctionCode());
          // Allocation stub or AllocateContext or AllocateArray or ...
        } else {
          // Static calls initially call the CallStaticFunction stub because
          // their target might not be compiled yet. After tree shaking, all
          // static call targets are compiled.
          // Cf. runtime entry PatchStaticCall called from CallStaticFunction
          // stub.
          ASSERT(target_.HasCode());
          target_code_ ^= target_.CurrentCode();
          uword pc = pc_offset_.Value() + code_.PayloadStart();
          CodePatcher::PatchStaticCallAt(pc, code_, target_code_);
        }
      }

      // We won't patch static calls anymore, so drop the static call table to
      // save space.
      code_.set_static_calls_target_table(Object::empty_array());
    }

   private:
    Code& code_;
    Array& table_;
    Smi& pc_offset_;
    Function& target_;
    Code& target_code_;
  };

  BindStaticCallsVisitor visitor(Z);

  // We need both iterations to ensure we visit all the functions that might end
  // up in the snapshot. The ProgramVisitor will miss closures from duplicated
  // finally clauses, and not all functions are compiled through the
  // tree-shaker's queue
  ProgramVisitor::VisitFunctions(&visitor);
  FunctionSet::Iterator it(enqueued_functions_.GetIterator());
  for (const Function** current = it.Next(); current != NULL;
       current = it.Next()) {
    visitor.Visit(**current);
  }
}

void Precompiler::SwitchICCalls() {
#if !defined(TARGET_ARCH_DBC)
  // Now that all functions have been compiled, we can switch to an instance
  // call sequence that loads the Code object and entry point directly from
  // the ic data array instead indirectly through a Function in the ic data
  // array. Iterate all the object pools and rewrite the ic data from
  // (cid, target function, count) to (cid, target code, entry point), and
  // replace the ICCallThroughFunction stub with ICCallThroughCode.

  class SwitchICCallsVisitor : public FunctionVisitor {
   public:
    explicit SwitchICCallsVisitor(Zone* zone)
        : zone_(zone),
          code_(Code::Handle(zone)),
          pool_(ObjectPool::Handle(zone)),
          entry_(Object::Handle(zone)),
          ic_(ICData::Handle(zone)),
          target_name_(String::Handle(zone)),
          args_descriptor_(Array::Handle(zone)),
          unlinked_(UnlinkedCall::Handle(zone)),
          target_code_(Code::Handle(zone)),
          canonical_unlinked_calls_() {}

    void Visit(const Function& function) {
      if (!function.HasCode()) {
        return;
      }

      code_ = function.CurrentCode();
      pool_ = code_.object_pool();
      for (intptr_t i = 0; i < pool_.Length(); i++) {
        if (pool_.TypeAt(i) != ObjectPool::kTaggedObject) continue;
        entry_ = pool_.ObjectAt(i);
        if (entry_.IsICData()) {
          // The only IC calls generated by precompilation are for switchable
          // calls.
          ic_ ^= entry_.raw();
          ic_.ResetSwitchable(zone_);

          unlinked_ = UnlinkedCall::New();
          target_name_ = ic_.target_name();
          unlinked_.set_target_name(target_name_);
          args_descriptor_ = ic_.arguments_descriptor();
          unlinked_.set_args_descriptor(args_descriptor_);
          unlinked_ = DedupUnlinkedCall(unlinked_);
          pool_.SetObjectAt(i, unlinked_);
        } else if (entry_.raw() ==
                   StubCode::ICCallThroughFunction_entry()->code()) {
          target_code_ = StubCode::UnlinkedCall_entry()->code();
          pool_.SetObjectAt(i, target_code_);
        }
      }
    }

    RawUnlinkedCall* DedupUnlinkedCall(const UnlinkedCall& unlinked) {
      const UnlinkedCall* canonical_unlinked =
          canonical_unlinked_calls_.LookupValue(&unlinked);
      if (canonical_unlinked == NULL) {
        canonical_unlinked_calls_.Insert(
            &UnlinkedCall::ZoneHandle(zone_, unlinked.raw()));
        return unlinked.raw();
      } else {
        return canonical_unlinked->raw();
      }
    }

   private:
    Zone* zone_;
    Code& code_;
    ObjectPool& pool_;
    Object& entry_;
    ICData& ic_;
    String& target_name_;
    Array& args_descriptor_;
    UnlinkedCall& unlinked_;
    Code& target_code_;
    UnlinkedCallSet canonical_unlinked_calls_;
  };

  ASSERT(!I->compilation_allowed());
  SwitchICCallsVisitor visitor(Z);

  // We need both iterations to ensure we visit all the functions that might end
  // up in the snapshot. The ProgramVisitor will miss closures from duplicated
  // finally clauses, and not all functions are compiled through the
  // tree-shaker's queue
  ProgramVisitor::VisitFunctions(&visitor);
  FunctionSet::Iterator it(enqueued_functions_.GetIterator());
  for (const Function** current = it.Next(); current != NULL;
       current = it.Next()) {
    visitor.Visit(**current);
  }
#endif
}

void Precompiler::Obfuscate() {
  if (!I->obfuscate()) {
    return;
  }

  class ScriptsCollector : public ObjectVisitor {
   public:
    explicit ScriptsCollector(Zone* zone,
                              GrowableHandlePtrArray<const Script>* scripts)
        : script_(Script::Handle(zone)), scripts_(scripts) {}

    void VisitObject(RawObject* obj) {
      if (obj->GetClassId() == kScriptCid) {
        script_ ^= obj;
        scripts_->Add(Script::Cast(script_));
      }
    }

   private:
    Script& script_;
    GrowableHandlePtrArray<const Script>* scripts_;
  };

  GrowableHandlePtrArray<const Script> scripts(Z, 100);
  Isolate::Current()->heap()->CollectAllGarbage();
  {
    HeapIterationScope his(T);
    ScriptsCollector visitor(Z, &scripts);
    I->heap()->VisitObjects(&visitor);
  }

  {
    // Note: when this object is destroyed it will commit obfuscation
    // mappings into the ObjectStore. Hence the block around it - to
    // ensure that destructor is called before we save obfuscation
    // mappings and clear the ObjectStore.
    Obfuscator obfuscator(T, /*private_key=*/String::Handle(Z));
    String& str = String::Handle(Z);
    for (intptr_t i = 0; i < scripts.length(); i++) {
      const Script& script = scripts.At(i);

      str = script.url();
      str = Symbols::New(T, str);
      str = obfuscator.Rename(str, /*atomic=*/true);
      script.set_url(str);

      str = script.resolved_url();
      str = Symbols::New(T, str);
      str = obfuscator.Rename(str, /*atomic=*/true);
      script.set_resolved_url(str);
    }

    Library& lib = Library::Handle();
    for (intptr_t i = 0; i < libraries_.Length(); i++) {
      lib ^= libraries_.At(i);
      if (!lib.is_dart_scheme()) {
        str = lib.name();
        str = obfuscator.Rename(str, /*atomic=*/true);
        lib.set_name(str);

        str = lib.url();
        str = Symbols::New(T, str);
        str = obfuscator.Rename(str, /*atomic=*/true);
        lib.set_url(str);
      }
    }
    Library::RegisterLibraries(T, libraries_);
  }

  // Obfuscation is done. Move obfuscation map into malloced memory.
  I->set_obfuscation_map(Obfuscator::SerializeMap(T));

  // Discard obfuscation mappings to avoid including them into snapshot.
  I->object_store()->set_obfuscation_map(Array::Handle(Z));
}

void Precompiler::FinalizeAllClasses() {
  Library& lib = Library::Handle(Z);
  Class& cls = Class::Handle(Z);

  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < libraries_.Length(); i++) {
    lib ^= libraries_.At(i);
    if (!lib.Loaded()) {
      String& uri = String::Handle(Z, lib.url());
      String& msg = String::Handle(
          Z,
          String::NewFormatted("Library '%s' is not loaded. "
                               "Did you forget to call Dart_FinalizeLoading?",
                               uri.ToCString()));
      Jump(Error::Handle(Z, ApiError::New(msg)));
    }

    ClassDictionaryIterator it(lib, ClassDictionaryIterator::kIteratePrivate);
    while (it.HasNext()) {
      cls = it.GetNextClass();
      if (cls.IsDynamicClass()) {
        continue;  // class 'dynamic' is in the read-only VM isolate.
      }
      error_ = cls.EnsureIsFinalized(T);
      if (!error_.IsNull()) {
        Jump(error_);
      }
    }
  }
  I->set_all_classes_finalized(true);
}

void Precompiler::PopulateWithICData(const Function& function,
                                     FlowGraph* graph) {
  Zone* zone = Thread::Current()->zone();

  for (BlockIterator block_it = graph->reverse_postorder_iterator();
       !block_it.Done(); block_it.Advance()) {
    ForwardInstructionIterator it(block_it.Current());
    for (; !it.Done(); it.Advance()) {
      Instruction* instr = it.Current();
      if (instr->IsInstanceCall()) {
        InstanceCallInstr* call = instr->AsInstanceCall();
        if (!call->HasICData()) {
          const Array& arguments_descriptor =
              Array::Handle(zone, call->GetArgumentsDescriptor());
          const ICData& ic_data = ICData::ZoneHandle(
              zone,
              ICData::New(function, call->function_name(), arguments_descriptor,
                          call->deopt_id(), call->checked_argument_count(),
                          ICData::kInstance));
          call->set_ic_data(&ic_data);
        }
      } else if (instr->IsStaticCall()) {
        StaticCallInstr* call = instr->AsStaticCall();
        if (!call->HasICData()) {
          const Array& arguments_descriptor =
              Array::Handle(zone, call->GetArgumentsDescriptor());
          const Function& target = call->function();
          MethodRecognizer::Kind recognized_kind =
              MethodRecognizer::RecognizeKind(target);
          int num_args_checked = 0;
          switch (recognized_kind) {
            case MethodRecognizer::kDoubleFromInteger:
            case MethodRecognizer::kMathMin:
            case MethodRecognizer::kMathMax:
              num_args_checked = 2;
              break;
            default:
              break;
          }
          const ICData& ic_data = ICData::ZoneHandle(
              zone, ICData::New(function, String::Handle(zone, target.name()),
                                arguments_descriptor, call->deopt_id(),
                                num_args_checked, ICData::kStatic));
          ic_data.AddTarget(target);
          call->set_ic_data(&ic_data);
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

void Precompiler::ResetPrecompilerState() {
  changed_ = false;
  function_count_ = 0;
  class_count_ = 0;
  selector_count_ = 0;
  dropped_function_count_ = 0;
  dropped_field_count_ = 0;
  ASSERT(pending_functions_.Length() == 0);
  sent_selectors_.Clear();
  enqueued_functions_.Clear();

  classes_to_retain_.Clear();
  consts_to_retain_.Clear();
  fields_to_retain_.Clear();
  functions_to_retain_.Clear();
  typeargs_to_retain_.Clear();
  types_to_retain_.Clear();

  Library& lib = Library::Handle(Z);
  Class& cls = Class::Handle(Z);

  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < libraries_.Length(); i++) {
    lib ^= libraries_.At(i);
    ClassDictionaryIterator it(lib, ClassDictionaryIterator::kIteratePrivate);
    while (it.HasNext()) {
      cls = it.GetNextClass();
      if (cls.IsDynamicClass()) {
        continue;  // class 'dynamic' is in the read-only VM isolate.
      }
      cls.set_is_allocated(false);
    }
  }
}

void PrecompileParsedFunctionHelper::FinalizeCompilation(
    Assembler* assembler,
    FlowGraphCompiler* graph_compiler,
    FlowGraph* flow_graph,
    CodeStatistics* stats) {
  const Function& function = parsed_function()->function();
  Zone* const zone = thread()->zone();

  CSTAT_TIMER_SCOPE(thread(), codefinalizer_timer);
  // CreateDeoptInfo uses the object pool and needs to be done before
  // FinalizeCode.
  const Array& deopt_info_array =
      Array::Handle(zone, graph_compiler->CreateDeoptInfo(assembler));
  INC_STAT(thread(), total_code_size,
           deopt_info_array.Length() * sizeof(uword));
  // Allocates instruction object. Since this occurs only at safepoint,
  // there can be no concurrent access to the instruction page.
  const Code& code =
      Code::Handle(Code::FinalizeCode(function, assembler, optimized(), stats));
  code.set_is_optimized(optimized());
  code.set_owner(function);
  if (!function.IsOptimizable()) {
    // A function with huge unoptimized code can become non-optimizable
    // after generating unoptimized code.
    function.set_usage_counter(INT_MIN);
  }

  graph_compiler->FinalizePcDescriptors(code);
  code.set_deopt_info_array(deopt_info_array);

  graph_compiler->FinalizeStackMaps(code);
  graph_compiler->FinalizeVarDescriptors(code);
  graph_compiler->FinalizeExceptionHandlers(code);
  graph_compiler->FinalizeCatchEntryStateMap(code);
  graph_compiler->FinalizeStaticCallTargetsTable(code);
  graph_compiler->FinalizeCodeSourceMap(code);

  if (optimized()) {
    // Installs code while at safepoint.
    ASSERT(thread()->IsMutatorThread());
    function.InstallOptimizedCode(code);
  } else {  // not optimized.
    function.set_unoptimized_code(code);
    function.AttachCode(code);
  }
  ASSERT(!parsed_function()->HasDeferredPrefixes());
  ASSERT(FLAG_load_deferred_eagerly);
}

// Return false if bailed out.
// If optimized_result_code is not NULL then it is caller's responsibility
// to install code.
bool PrecompileParsedFunctionHelper::Compile(CompilationPipeline* pipeline) {
  ASSERT(FLAG_precompiled_mode);
  const Function& function = parsed_function()->function();
  if (optimized() && !function.IsOptimizable()) {
    // All functions compiled by precompiler must be optimizable.
    UNREACHABLE();
    return false;
  }
  bool is_compiled = false;
  Zone* const zone = thread()->zone();
#ifndef PRODUCT
  TimelineStream* compiler_timeline = Timeline::GetCompilerStream();
#endif  // !PRODUCT
  CSTAT_TIMER_SCOPE(thread(), codegen_timer);
  HANDLESCOPE(thread());

  // We may reattempt compilation if the function needs to be assembled using
  // far branches on ARM. In the else branch of the setjmp call, done is set to
  // false, and use_far_branches is set to true if there is a longjmp from the
  // ARM assembler. In all other paths through this while loop, done is set to
  // true. use_far_branches is always false on ia32 and x64.
  bool done = false;
  // volatile because the variable may be clobbered by a longjmp.
  volatile bool use_far_branches = false;
  SpeculativeInliningPolicy speculative_policy(
      true, FLAG_max_speculative_inlining_attempts);

  while (!done) {
    const intptr_t prev_deopt_id = thread()->deopt_id();
    thread()->set_deopt_id(0);
    LongJumpScope jump;
    const intptr_t val = setjmp(*jump.Set());
    if (val == 0) {
      FlowGraph* flow_graph = NULL;

      // Class hierarchy analysis is registered with the thread in the
      // constructor and unregisters itself upon destruction.
      CHA cha(thread());

      // TimerScope needs an isolate to be properly terminated in case of a
      // LongJump.
      {
        CSTAT_TIMER_SCOPE(thread(), graphbuilder_timer);
        ZoneGrowableArray<const ICData*>* ic_data_array =
            new (zone) ZoneGrowableArray<const ICData*>();
#ifndef PRODUCT
        TimelineDurationScope tds(thread(), compiler_timeline,
                                  "BuildFlowGraph");
#endif  // !PRODUCT
        flow_graph =
            pipeline->BuildFlowGraph(zone, parsed_function(), *ic_data_array,
                                     Compiler::kNoOSRDeoptId, optimized());
      }

      if (optimized()) {
        Precompiler::PopulateWithICData(parsed_function()->function(),
                                        flow_graph);
      }

      const bool print_flow_graph =
          (FLAG_print_flow_graph ||
           (optimized() && FLAG_print_flow_graph_optimized)) &&
          FlowGraphPrinter::ShouldPrint(function);

      if (print_flow_graph && !optimized()) {
        FlowGraphPrinter::PrintGraph("Unoptimized Compilation", flow_graph);
      }

      CompilerPassState pass_state(thread(), flow_graph, &speculative_policy,
                                   precompiler_);
      NOT_IN_PRODUCT(pass_state.compiler_timeline = compiler_timeline);

      if (optimized()) {
#ifndef PRODUCT
        TimelineDurationScope tds(thread(), compiler_timeline,
                                  "OptimizationPasses");
#endif  // !PRODUCT
        CSTAT_TIMER_SCOPE(thread(), graphoptimizer_timer);

        pass_state.inline_id_to_function.Add(&function);
        // We do not add the token position now because we don't know the
        // position of the inlined call until later. A side effect of this
        // is that the length of |inline_id_to_function| is always larger
        // than the length of |inline_id_to_token_pos| by one.
        // Top scope function has no caller (-1). We do this because we expect
        // all token positions to be at an inlined call.
        // Top scope function has no caller (-1).
        pass_state.caller_inline_id.Add(-1);

        AotCallSpecializer call_specializer(precompiler_, flow_graph,
                                            &speculative_policy);
        pass_state.call_specializer = &call_specializer;

        CompilerPass::RunPipeline(CompilerPass::kAOT, &pass_state);
      }

      ASSERT(pass_state.inline_id_to_function.length() ==
             pass_state.caller_inline_id.length());
      Assembler assembler(use_far_branches);

      CodeStatistics* function_stats = NULL;
      if (FLAG_print_instruction_stats) {
        // At the moment we are leaking CodeStatistics objects for
        // simplicity because this is just a development mode flag.
        function_stats = new CodeStatistics(&assembler);
      }

      FlowGraphCompiler graph_compiler(
          &assembler, flow_graph, *parsed_function(), optimized(),
          &speculative_policy, pass_state.inline_id_to_function,
          pass_state.inline_id_to_token_pos, pass_state.caller_inline_id,
          function_stats);
      {
        CSTAT_TIMER_SCOPE(thread(), graphcompiler_timer);
#ifndef PRODUCT
        TimelineDurationScope tds(thread(), compiler_timeline, "CompileGraph");
#endif  // !PRODUCT
        graph_compiler.CompileGraph();
        pipeline->FinalizeCompilation(flow_graph);
      }
      {
#ifndef PRODUCT
        TimelineDurationScope tds(thread(), compiler_timeline,
                                  "FinalizeCompilation");
#endif  // !PRODUCT
        ASSERT(thread()->IsMutatorThread());
        FinalizeCompilation(&assembler, &graph_compiler, flow_graph,
                            function_stats);
      }
      // Exit the loop and the function with the correct result value.
      is_compiled = true;
      done = true;
    } else {
      // We bailed out or we encountered an error.
      const Error& error = Error::Handle(thread()->sticky_error());

      if (error.raw() == Object::branch_offset_error().raw()) {
        // Compilation failed due to an out of range branch offset in the
        // assembler. We try again (done = false) with far branches enabled.
        done = false;
        ASSERT(!use_far_branches);
        use_far_branches = true;
      } else if (error.raw() == Object::speculative_inlining_error().raw()) {
        // The return value of setjmp is the deopt id of the check instruction
        // that caused the bailout.
        done = false;
        if (!speculative_policy.AllowsSpeculativeInlining()) {
          // Assert that we don't repeatedly retry speculation.
          UNREACHABLE();
        }
        if (!speculative_policy.AddBlockedDeoptId(val)) {
          if (FLAG_trace_compiler || FLAG_trace_optimizing_compiler) {
            THR_Print("Disabled speculative inlining after %" Pd " attempts.\n",
                      speculative_policy.length());
          }
        }
      } else {
        // If the error isn't due to an out of range branch offset, we don't
        // try again (done = true), and indicate that we did not finish
        // compiling (is_compiled = false).
        if (FLAG_trace_bailout) {
          THR_Print("%s\n", error.ToErrorCString());
        }
        done = true;
      }

      // Clear the error if it was not a real error, but just a bailout.
      if (error.IsLanguageError() &&
          (LanguageError::Cast(error).kind() == Report::kBailout)) {
        thread()->clear_sticky_error();
      }
      is_compiled = false;
    }
    // Reset global isolate state.
    thread()->set_deopt_id(prev_deopt_id);
  }
  return is_compiled;
}

static RawError* PrecompileFunctionHelper(Precompiler* precompiler,
                                          CompilationPipeline* pipeline,
                                          const Function& function,
                                          bool optimized) {
  // Check that we optimize, except if the function is not optimizable.
  ASSERT(FLAG_precompiled_mode);
  ASSERT(!function.IsOptimizable() || optimized);
  ASSERT(!function.HasCode());
  LongJumpScope jump;
  if (setjmp(*jump.Set()) == 0) {
    Thread* const thread = Thread::Current();
    StackZone stack_zone(thread);
    Zone* const zone = stack_zone.GetZone();
    const bool trace_compiler =
        FLAG_trace_compiler || (FLAG_trace_optimizing_compiler && optimized);
    Timer per_compile_timer(trace_compiler, "Compilation time");
    per_compile_timer.Start();

    ParsedFunction* parsed_function = new (zone)
        ParsedFunction(thread, Function::ZoneHandle(zone, function.raw()));
    if (trace_compiler) {
      THR_Print("Precompiling %sfunction: '%s' @ token %" Pd ", size %" Pd "\n",
                (optimized ? "optimized " : ""),
                function.ToFullyQualifiedCString(), function.token_pos().Pos(),
                (function.end_token_pos().Pos() - function.token_pos().Pos()));
    }
    INC_STAT(thread, num_functions_compiled, 1);
    if (optimized) {
      INC_STAT(thread, num_functions_optimized, 1);
    }
    {
      HANDLESCOPE(thread);
      const int64_t num_tokens_before = STAT_VALUE(thread, num_tokens_consumed);
      pipeline->ParseFunction(parsed_function);
      const int64_t num_tokens_after = STAT_VALUE(thread, num_tokens_consumed);
      INC_STAT(thread, num_func_tokens_compiled,
               num_tokens_after - num_tokens_before);
    }

    PrecompileParsedFunctionHelper helper(precompiler, parsed_function,
                                          optimized);
    const bool success = helper.Compile(pipeline);
    if (!success) {
      // Encountered error.
      Error& error = Error::Handle();
      // We got an error during compilation.
      error = thread->sticky_error();
      thread->clear_sticky_error();
      ASSERT(error.IsLanguageError() &&
             LanguageError::Cast(error).kind() != Report::kBailout);
      return error.raw();
    }

    per_compile_timer.Stop();

    if (trace_compiler) {
      THR_Print("--> '%s' entry: %#" Px " size: %" Pd " time: %" Pd64 " us\n",
                function.ToFullyQualifiedCString(),
                Code::Handle(function.CurrentCode()).PayloadStart(),
                Code::Handle(function.CurrentCode()).Size(),
                per_compile_timer.TotalElapsedTime());
    }

    if (FLAG_disassemble && FlowGraphPrinter::ShouldPrint(function)) {
      Code& code = Code::Handle(function.CurrentCode());
      Disassembler::DisassembleCode(function, code, optimized);
    } else if (FLAG_disassemble_optimized && optimized &&
               FlowGraphPrinter::ShouldPrint(function)) {
      Code& code = Code::Handle(function.CurrentCode());
      Disassembler::DisassembleCode(function, code, true);
    }
    return Error::null();
  } else {
    Thread* const thread = Thread::Current();
    StackZone stack_zone(thread);
    Error& error = Error::Handle();
    // We got an error during compilation.
    error = thread->sticky_error();
    thread->clear_sticky_error();
    // Precompilation may encounter compile-time errors.
    // Do not attempt to optimize functions that can cause errors.
    function.set_is_optimizable(false);
    return error.raw();
  }
  UNREACHABLE();
  return Error::null();
}

RawError* Precompiler::CompileFunction(Precompiler* precompiler,
                                       Thread* thread,
                                       Zone* zone,
                                       const Function& function,
                                       FieldTypeMap* field_type_map) {
  VMTagScope tagScope(thread, VMTag::kCompileUnoptimizedTagId);
  TIMELINE_FUNCTION_COMPILATION_DURATION(thread, "CompileFunction", function);

  ASSERT(FLAG_precompiled_mode);
  const bool optimized = function.IsOptimizable();  // False for natives.
  DartPrecompilationPipeline pipeline(zone, field_type_map);
  return PrecompileFunctionHelper(precompiler, &pipeline, function, optimized);
}

Obfuscator::Obfuscator(Thread* thread, const String& private_key)
    : state_(NULL) {
  Isolate* isolate = thread->isolate();
  Zone* zone = thread->zone();
  if (!isolate->obfuscate()) {
    // Nothing to do.
    return;
  }

  // Create ObfuscationState from ObjectStore::obfusction_map().
  ObjectStore* store = thread->isolate()->object_store();
  Array& obfuscation_state = Array::Handle(zone, store->obfuscation_map());

  if (store->obfuscation_map() == Array::null()) {
    // We are just starting the obfuscation. Create initial state.
    const int kInitialPrivateCapacity = 256;
    obfuscation_state = Array::New(kSavedStateSize);
    obfuscation_state.SetAt(
        1, Array::Handle(zone, HashTables::New<ObfuscationMap>(
                                   kInitialPrivateCapacity, Heap::kOld)));
  }

  state_ = new (zone) ObfuscationState(thread, obfuscation_state, private_key);

  if (store->obfuscation_map() == Array::null()) {
    // We are just starting the obfuscation. Initialize the renaming map.
    // Note: InitializeRenamingMap uses state_.
    InitializeRenamingMap(isolate);
  }
}

Obfuscator::~Obfuscator() {
  if (state_ != NULL) {
    state_->SaveState();
  }
}

void Obfuscator::InitializeRenamingMap(Isolate* isolate) {
  // Prevent renaming of classes and method names mentioned in the
  // entry points lists.
  PreventRenaming(vm_entry_points);
  PreventRenaming(isolate->embedder_entry_points());

// Prevent renaming of all pseudo-keywords and operators.
// Note: not all pseudo-keywords are mentioned in DART_KEYWORD_LIST
// (for example 'hide', 'show' and async related keywords are omitted).
// Those are protected from renaming as part of all symbols.
#define PREVENT_RENAMING(name, value, priority, attr)                          \
  do {                                                                         \
    if (Token::CanBeOverloaded(Token::name) ||                                 \
        ((Token::attr & Token::kPseudoKeyword) != 0)) {                        \
      PreventRenaming(value);                                                  \
    }                                                                          \
  } while (0);

  DART_TOKEN_LIST(PREVENT_RENAMING)
  DART_KEYWORD_LIST(PREVENT_RENAMING)
#undef PREVENT_RENAMING

  // this is a keyword token unless it occurs in the string interpolation
  // which causes it to be obfuscated.
  PreventRenaming("this");

// Protect all symbols from renaming.
#define PREVENT_RENAMING(name, value) PreventRenaming(value);
  PREDEFINED_SYMBOLS_LIST(PREVENT_RENAMING)
#undef PREVENT_RENAMING

  // Protect NativeFieldWrapperClassX names from being obfuscated. Those
  // classes are created manually by the runtime system.
  // TODO(dartbug.com/30524) instead call to Obfuscator::Rename from a place
  // where these are created.
  PreventRenaming("NativeFieldWrapperClass1");
  PreventRenaming("NativeFieldWrapperClass2");
  PreventRenaming("NativeFieldWrapperClass3");
  PreventRenaming("NativeFieldWrapperClass4");

// Prevent renaming of ClassID.cid* fields. These fields are injected by
// runtime.
// TODO(dartbug.com/30524) instead call to Obfuscator::Rename from a place
// where these are created.
#define CLASS_LIST_WITH_NULL(V)                                                \
  V(Null)                                                                      \
  CLASS_LIST_NO_OBJECT(V)
#define PREVENT_RENAMING(clazz) PreventRenaming("cid" #clazz);
  CLASS_LIST_WITH_NULL(PREVENT_RENAMING)
#undef PREVENT_RENAMING
#undef CLASS_LIST_WITH_NULL

// Prevent renaming of methods that are looked up by method recognizer.
// TODO(dartbug.com/30524) instead call to Obfuscator::Rename from a place
// where these are looked up.
#define PREVENT_RENAMING(class_name, function_name, recognized_enum,           \
                         result_type, fingerprint)                             \
  do {                                                                         \
    PreventRenaming(#class_name);                                              \
    PreventRenaming(#function_name);                                           \
  } while (0);
  RECOGNIZED_LIST(PREVENT_RENAMING)
#undef PREVENT_RENAMING

// Prevent renaming of methods that are looked up by method recognizer.
// TODO(dartbug.com/30524) instead call to Obfuscator::Rename from a place
// where these are looked up.
#define PREVENT_RENAMING(class_name, function_name, recognized_enum,           \
                         fingerprint)                                          \
  do {                                                                         \
    PreventRenaming(#class_name);                                              \
    PreventRenaming(#function_name);                                           \
  } while (0);
  INLINE_WHITE_LIST(PREVENT_RENAMING)
  INLINE_BLACK_LIST(PREVENT_RENAMING)
  POLYMORPHIC_TARGET_LIST(PREVENT_RENAMING)
#undef PREVENT_RENAMING

  // These are not mentioned by entry points but are still looked up by name.
  // (They are not mentioned in the entry points because we don't need them
  // after the compilation)
  PreventRenaming("_resolveScriptUri");

  // Precompiler is looking up "main".
  // TODO(dartbug.com/30524) instead call to Obfuscator::Rename from a place
  // where these are created.
  PreventRenaming("main");

  // Fast path for common conditional import. See Deobfuscate method.
  PreventRenaming("dart");
  PreventRenaming("library");
  PreventRenaming("io");
  PreventRenaming("html");

  // Looked up by name via "DartUtils::GetDartType".
  PreventRenaming("_RandomAccessFileOpsImpl");
  PreventRenaming("_NamespaceImpl");
}

RawString* Obfuscator::ObfuscationState::RenameImpl(const String& name,
                                                    bool atomic) {
  ASSERT(name.IsSymbol());

  renamed_ ^= renames_.GetOrNull(name);
  if (renamed_.IsNull()) {
    renamed_ = BuildRename(name, atomic);
    renames_.UpdateOrInsert(name, renamed_);
  }
  return renamed_.raw();
}

void Obfuscator::PreventRenaming(Dart_QualifiedFunctionName entry_points[]) {
  for (intptr_t i = 0; entry_points[i].function_name != NULL; i++) {
    const char* class_name = entry_points[i].class_name;
    const char* function_name = entry_points[i].function_name;

    const size_t class_name_len = strlen(class_name);
    if (strncmp(function_name, class_name, class_name_len) == 0 &&
        function_name[class_name_len] == '.') {
      const char* ctor_name = function_name + class_name_len + 1;
      if (ctor_name[0] != '\0') {
        PreventRenaming(ctor_name);
      }
    } else {
      PreventRenaming(function_name);
    }
    PreventRenaming(class_name);
  }
}

static const char* const kGetterPrefix = "get:";
static const intptr_t kGetterPrefixLength = strlen(kGetterPrefix);
static const char* const kSetterPrefix = "set:";
static const intptr_t kSetterPrefixLength = strlen(kSetterPrefix);

void Obfuscator::PreventRenaming(const char* name) {
  // For constructor names Class.name skip class name (if any) and a dot.
  const char* dot = strchr(name, '.');
  if (dot != NULL) {
    name = dot + 1;
  }

  // Empty name: do nothing.
  if (name[0] == '\0') {
    return;
  }

  // Skip get: and set: prefixes.
  if (strncmp(name, kGetterPrefix, kGetterPrefixLength) == 0) {
    name = name + kGetterPrefixLength;
  } else if (strncmp(name, kSetterPrefix, kSetterPrefixLength) == 0) {
    name = name + kSetterPrefixLength;
  }

  state_->PreventRenaming(name);
}

void Obfuscator::ObfuscationState::SaveState() {
  saved_state_.SetAt(kSavedStateNameIndex, String::Handle(String::New(name_)));
  saved_state_.SetAt(kSavedStateRenamesIndex, renames_.Release());
  thread_->isolate()->object_store()->set_obfuscation_map(saved_state_);
}

void Obfuscator::ObfuscationState::PreventRenaming(const char* name) {
  string_ = Symbols::New(thread_, name);
  PreventRenaming(string_);
}

void Obfuscator::ObfuscationState::PreventRenaming(const String& name) {
  renames_.UpdateOrInsert(name, name);
}

void Obfuscator::ObfuscationState::NextName() {
  // We apply the following rules:
  //
  //         inc(a) = b, ... , inc(z) = A, ..., inc(Z) = a & carry.
  //
  for (intptr_t i = 0;; i++) {
    const char digit = name_[i];
    if (digit == '\0') {
      name_[i] = 'a';
    } else if (digit < 'Z') {
      name_[i]++;
    } else if (digit == 'Z') {
      name_[i] = 'a';
      continue;  // Carry.
    } else if (digit < 'z') {
      name_[i]++;
    } else {
      name_[i] = 'A';
    }
    break;
  }
}

RawString* Obfuscator::ObfuscationState::NewAtomicRename(
    bool should_be_private) {
  do {
    NextName();
    renamed_ = Symbols::NewFormatted(thread_, "%s%s",
                                     should_be_private ? "_" : "", name_);
    // Must check if our generated name clashes with something that will
    // have an identity renaming.
  } while (renames_.GetOrNull(renamed_) == renamed_.raw());
  return renamed_.raw();
}

RawString* Obfuscator::ObfuscationState::BuildRename(const String& name,
                                                     bool atomic) {
  const bool is_private = name.CharAt(0) == '_';
  if (!atomic && is_private) {
    // Find the first '@'.
    intptr_t i = 0;
    while (i < name.Length() && name.CharAt(i) != '@') {
      i++;
    }
    const intptr_t end = i;

    // Follow the rule:
    //
    //         Rename(_ident@key) = Rename(_ident)@private_key_.
    //
    string_ = Symbols::New(thread_, name, 0, end);
    string_ = RenameImpl(string_, /*atomic=*/true);
    return Symbols::FromConcat(thread_, string_, private_key_);
  } else {
    return NewAtomicRename(is_private);
  }
}

void Obfuscator::ObfuscateSymbolInstance(Thread* thread,
                                         const Instance& symbol) {
  // Note: this must match dart:internal.Symbol declaration.
  const intptr_t kSymbolNameOffset = kWordSize;

  Object& name_value = String::Handle();
  name_value = symbol.RawGetFieldAtOffset(kSymbolNameOffset);
  if (!name_value.IsString()) {
    // dart:internal.Symbol constructor does not validate its input.
    return;
  }

  String& name = String::Handle();
  name ^= name_value.raw();

  // TODO(vegorov) it is quite wasteful to create an obfuscator per-symbol.
  Obfuscator obfuscator(thread, /*private_key=*/String::Handle());

  // Symbol can be a sequence of identifiers separated by dots.
  // We split such symbols into components and obfuscate individual identifiers
  // separately.
  String& component = String::Handle();
  GrowableHandlePtrArray<const String> renamed(thread->zone(), 2);

  const intptr_t length = name.Length();
  intptr_t i = 0, start = 0;
  while (i < length) {
    // First look for a '.' in the symbol.
    start = i;
    while (i < length && name.CharAt(i) != '.') {
      i++;
    }
    const intptr_t end = i;
    if (end == length) {
      break;
    }

    if (start != end) {
      component = Symbols::New(thread, name, start, end - start);
      component = obfuscator.Rename(component, /*atomic=*/true);
      renamed.Add(component);
    }

    renamed.Add(Symbols::Dot());
    i++;  // Skip '.'
  }

  // Handle the last component [start, length).
  // If symbol ends up at = and it is not one of '[]=', '==', '<=' or
  // '>=' then we treat it as a setter symbol and follow the rule:
  //
  //              Rename('ident=') = Rename('ident') '='
  //
  const bool is_setter = (length - start) > 1 &&
                         name.CharAt(length - 1) == '=' &&
                         !(name.Equals(Symbols::AssignIndexToken()) ||
                           name.Equals(Symbols::EqualOperator()) ||
                           name.Equals(Symbols::GreaterEqualOperator()) ||
                           name.Equals(Symbols::LessEqualOperator()));
  const intptr_t end = length - (is_setter ? 1 : 0);

  if ((start == 0) && (end == length) && name.IsSymbol()) {
    component = name.raw();
  } else {
    component = Symbols::New(thread, name, start, end - start);
  }
  component = obfuscator.Rename(component, /*atomic=*/true);
  renamed.Add(component);

  if (is_setter) {
    renamed.Add(Symbols::Equals());
  }

  name = Symbols::FromConcatAll(thread, renamed);
  symbol.RawSetFieldAtOffset(kSymbolNameOffset, name);
}

void Obfuscator::Deobfuscate(Thread* thread,
                             const GrowableObjectArray& pieces) {
  const Array& obfuscation_state = Array::Handle(
      thread->zone(), thread->isolate()->object_store()->obfuscation_map());
  if (obfuscation_state.IsNull()) {
    return;
  }

  const Array& renames = Array::Handle(
      thread->zone(), GetRenamesFromSavedState(obfuscation_state));

  ObfuscationMap renames_map(renames.raw());
  String& piece = String::Handle();
  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < pieces.Length(); i++) {
    piece ^= pieces.At(i);
    ASSERT(piece.IsSymbol());

    // Fast path: skip '.'
    if (piece.raw() == Symbols::Dot().raw()) {
      continue;
    }

    // Fast path: check if piece has an identity obfuscation.
    if (renames_map.GetOrNull(piece) == piece.raw()) {
      continue;
    }

    // Search through the whole obfuscation map until matching value is found.
    // We are using linear search instead of generating a reverse mapping
    // because we assume that Deobfuscate() method is almost never called.
    ObfuscationMap::Iterator it(&renames_map);
    while (it.MoveNext()) {
      const intptr_t entry = it.Current();
      if (renames_map.GetPayload(entry, 0) == piece.raw()) {
        piece ^= renames_map.GetKey(entry);
        pieces.SetAt(i, piece);
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  renames_map.Release();
}

static const char* StringToCString(const String& str) {
  const intptr_t len = Utf8::Length(str);
  char* result = new char[len + 1];
  str.ToUTF8(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(result), len);
  result[len] = 0;
  return result;
}

const char** Obfuscator::SerializeMap(Thread* thread) {
  const Array& obfuscation_state = Array::Handle(
      thread->zone(), thread->isolate()->object_store()->obfuscation_map());
  if (obfuscation_state.IsNull()) {
    return NULL;
  }

  const Array& renames = Array::Handle(
      thread->zone(), GetRenamesFromSavedState(obfuscation_state));
  ObfuscationMap renames_map(renames.raw());

  const char** result = new const char*[renames_map.NumOccupied() * 2 + 1];
  intptr_t idx = 0;
  String& str = String::Handle();

  ObfuscationMap::Iterator it(&renames_map);
  while (it.MoveNext()) {
    const intptr_t entry = it.Current();
    str ^= renames_map.GetKey(entry);
    result[idx++] = StringToCString(str);
    str ^= renames_map.GetPayload(entry, 0);
    result[idx++] = StringToCString(str);
  }
  result[idx++] = NULL;
  renames_map.Release();

  return result;
}

#endif  // DART_PRECOMPILER

}  // namespace dart