import 'dart:async';
import 'dart:collection';
import 'dart:convert';
import 'dart:typed_data';

import 'package:async/async.dart';
import 'package:meta/meta.dart';
import 'package:typed_data/typed_data.dart';

import 'charcodes.dart';
import 'constants.dart';
import 'entry.dart';
import 'exception.dart';
import 'format.dart';
import 'header.dart';
import 'sparse.dart';
import 'utils.dart';

/// [TarReader] provides sequential access to the TAR files in a TAR archive.
/// It is designed to read from a stream and to spit out substreams for
/// individual file contents in order to minimize the amount of memory needed
/// to read each archive where possible.
@sealed
class TarReader implements StreamIterator<TarEntry> {
  /// A chunked stream iterator to enable us to get our data.
  final ChunkedStreamReader<int> _chunkedStream;
  final PaxHeaders _paxHeaders = PaxHeaders();
  final int _maxSpecialFileSize;

  /// Skip the next [_skipNext] elements when reading in the stream.
  int _skipNext = 0;

  TarEntry? _current;

  /// The underlying content stream for the [_current] entry. Draining this
  /// stream will move the tar reader to the beginning of the next file.
  ///
  /// This is not the same as `_current.stream` for sparse files, which are
  /// reported as expanded through [TarEntry.contents].
  /// For that reason, we prefer to drain this stream when skipping a tar entry.
  /// When we know we're skipping data, there's no point expanding sparse holes.
  ///
  /// This stream is always set to null after being drained, and there can only
  /// be one [_underlyingContentStream] at a time.
  Stream<List<int>>? _underlyingContentStream;

  /// Whether [_current] has ever been listened to.
  bool _listenedToContentsOnce = false;

  /// Whether we're in the process of reading tar headers.
  bool _isReadingHeaders = false;

  /// Whether this tar reader is terminally done.
  ///
  /// That is the case if:
  ///  - [cancel] was called
  ///  - [moveNext] completed to `false` once.
  ///  - [moveNext] completed to an error
  ///  - an error was emitted through a tar entry's content stream
  bool _isDone = false;

  /// Whether we should ensure that the stream emits no further data after the
  /// end of the tar file was reached.
  final bool _checkNoTrailingData;

  /// Creates a tar reader reading from the raw [tarStream].
  ///
  /// The [disallowTrailingData] parameter can be enabled to assert that the
  /// [tarStream] contains exactly one tar archive before ending.
  /// When [disallowTrailingData] is disabled (which is the default), the reader
  /// will automatically cancel its stream subscription when [moveNext] returns
  /// `false`.
  /// When it is enabled and a marker indicating the end of an archive is
  /// encountered, [moveNext] will wait for further events on the stream. If
  /// further data is received, a [TarException] will be thrown and the
  /// subscription will be cancelled. Otherwise, [moveNext] effectively waits
  /// for a done event, making a cancellation unecessary.
  /// Depending on the input stream, cancellations may cause unintended
  /// side-effects. In that case, [disallowTrailingData] can be used to ensure
  /// that the stream is only cancelled if it emits an invalid tar file.
  ///
  /// The [maxSpecialFileSize] parameter can be used to limit the maximum length
  /// of hidden entries in the tar stream. These entries include extended PAX
  /// headers or long names in GNU tar. The content of those entries has to be
  /// buffered in the parser to properly read the following tar entries. To
  /// avoid memory-based denial-of-service attacks, this library limits their
  /// maximum length. Changing the default of 2 KiB is rarely necessary.
  TarReader(Stream<List<int>> tarStream,
      {int maxSpecialFileSize = defaultSpecialLength,
      bool disallowTrailingData = false})
      : _chunkedStream = ChunkedStreamReader(tarStream),
        _checkNoTrailingData = disallowTrailingData,
        _maxSpecialFileSize = maxSpecialFileSize;

  @override
  TarEntry get current {
    final current = _current;

    if (current == null) {
      throw StateError('Invalid call to TarReader.current. \n'
          'Did you call and await next() and checked that it returned true?');
    }

    return current;
  }

  /// Reads the tar stream up until the beginning of the next logical file.
  ///
  /// If such file exists, the returned future will complete with `true`. After
  /// the future completes, the next tar entry will be evailable in [current].
  ///
  /// If no such file exists, the future will complete with `false`.
  /// The future might complete with an [TarException] if the tar stream is
  /// malformed or ends unexpectedly.
  /// If the future completes with `false` or an exception, the reader will
  /// [cancel] itself and release associated resources. Thus, it is invalid to
  /// call [moveNext] again in that case.
  @override
  Future<bool> moveNext() async {
    await _prepareToReadHeaders();
    try {
      return await _moveNextInternal();
    } on Object {
      await cancel();
      rethrow;
    }
  }

  /// Consumes the stream up to the contents of the next logical tar entry.
  /// Will cancel the underlying subscription when returning false, but not when
  /// it throws.
  Future<bool> _moveNextInternal() async {
    // We're reading a new logical file, so clear the local pax headers
    _paxHeaders.clearLocals();

    var gnuLongName = '';
    var gnuLongLink = '';
    var eofAcceptable = true;

    var format = TarFormat.ustar |
        TarFormat.pax |
        TarFormat.gnu |
        TarFormat.v7 |
        TarFormat.star;

    HeaderImpl? nextHeader;

    // Externally, [moveNext] iterates through the tar archive as if it is a
    // series of files. Internally, the tar format often uses fake "files" to
    // add meta data that describes the next file. These meta data "files"
    // should not normally be visible to the outside. As such, this loop
    // iterates through one or more "header files" until it finds a
    // "normal file".
    while (true) {
      if (_skipNext > 0) {
        await _readFullBlock(_skipNext);
        _skipNext = 0;
      }

      final rawHeader =
          await _readFullBlock(blockSize, allowEmpty: eofAcceptable);

      nextHeader = await _readHeader(rawHeader);
      if (nextHeader == null) {
        if (eofAcceptable) {
          await _handleExpectedEof();
          return false;
        } else {
          _unexpectedEof();
        }
      }

      // We're beginning to read a file, if the tar file ends now something is
      // wrong
      eofAcceptable = false;
      format = format.mayOnlyBe(nextHeader.format);

      // Check for PAX/GNU special headers and files.
      if (nextHeader.typeFlag == TypeFlag.xHeader ||
          nextHeader.typeFlag == TypeFlag.xGlobalHeader) {
        format = format.mayOnlyBe(TarFormat.pax);
        final paxHeaderSize = _checkSpecialSize(nextHeader.size);
        final rawPaxHeaders = await _readFullBlock(paxHeaderSize);

        _paxHeaders.readPaxHeaders(
            rawPaxHeaders, nextHeader.typeFlag == TypeFlag.xGlobalHeader);
        _markPaddingToSkip(paxHeaderSize);

        // This is a meta header affecting the next header.
        continue;
      } else if (nextHeader.typeFlag == TypeFlag.gnuLongLink ||
          nextHeader.typeFlag == TypeFlag.gnuLongName) {
        format = format.mayOnlyBe(TarFormat.gnu);
        final realName = await _readFullBlock(
            _checkSpecialSize(nextBlockSize(nextHeader.size)));

        final readName = realName.readString(0, realName.length);
        if (nextHeader.typeFlag == TypeFlag.gnuLongName) {
          gnuLongName = readName;
        } else {
          gnuLongLink = readName;
        }

        // This is a meta header affecting the next header.
        continue;
      } else {
        // The old GNU sparse format is handled here since it is technically
        // just a regular file with additional attributes.

        if (gnuLongName.isNotEmpty) nextHeader.name = gnuLongName;
        if (gnuLongLink.isNotEmpty) nextHeader.linkName = gnuLongLink;

        if (nextHeader.internalTypeFlag == TypeFlag.regA) {
          /// Legacy archives use trailing slash for directories
          if (nextHeader.name.endsWith('/')) {
            nextHeader.internalTypeFlag = TypeFlag.dir;
          } else {
            nextHeader.internalTypeFlag = TypeFlag.reg;
          }
        }

        final content = await _handleFile(nextHeader, rawHeader);

        // Set the final guess at the format
        if (format.has(TarFormat.ustar) && format.has(TarFormat.pax)) {
          format = format.mayOnlyBe(TarFormat.ustar);
        }
        nextHeader.format = format;

        _current = TarEntry(nextHeader, content);
        _listenedToContentsOnce = false;
        _isReadingHeaders = false;
        return true;
      }
    }
  }

  @override
  Future<void> cancel() async {
    if (_isDone) return;

    _isDone = true;
    _current = null;
    _underlyingContentStream = null;
    _listenedToContentsOnce = false;
    _isReadingHeaders = false;

    // Note: Calling cancel is safe when the stream has already been completed.
    // It's a noop in that case, which is what we want.
    return _chunkedStream.cancel();
  }

  /// Utility function for quickly iterating through all entries in [tarStream].
  static Future<void> forEach(Stream<List<int>> tarStream,
      FutureOr<void> Function(TarEntry entry) action) async {
    final reader = TarReader(tarStream);
    try {
      while (await reader.moveNext()) {
        await action(reader.current);
      }
    } finally {
      await reader.cancel();
    }
  }

  /// Ensures that this reader can safely read headers now.
  ///
  /// This methods prevents:
  ///  * concurrent calls to [moveNext]
  ///  * a call to [moveNext] while a stream is active:
  ///    * if [contents] has never been listened to, we drain the stream
  ///    * otherwise, throws a [StateError]
  Future<void> _prepareToReadHeaders() async {
    if (_isDone) {
      throw StateError('Tried to call TarReader.moveNext() on a canceled '
          'reader. \n'
          'Note that a reader is canceled when moveNext() throws or returns '
          'false.');
    }

    if (_isReadingHeaders) {
      throw StateError('Concurrent call to TarReader.moveNext() detected. \n'
          'Please await all calls to Reader.moveNext().');
    }
    _isReadingHeaders = true;

    final underlyingStream = _underlyingContentStream;
    if (underlyingStream != null) {
      if (_listenedToContentsOnce) {
        throw StateError(
            'Illegal call to TarReader.moveNext() while a previous stream was '
            'active.\n'
            'When listening to tar contents, make sure the stream is '
            'complete or cancelled before calling TarReader.moveNext() again.');
      } else {
        await underlyingStream.drain<void>();
        // The stream should reset when drained (we do this in _publishStream)
        assert(_underlyingContentStream == null);
      }
    }
  }

  int _checkSpecialSize(int size) {
    if (size > _maxSpecialFileSize) {
      throw TarException(
          'TAR file contains hidden entry with an invalid size of $size.');
    }

    return size;
  }

  /// Ater we detected the end of a tar file, optionally check for trailing
  /// data.
  Future<void> _handleExpectedEof() async {
    if (_checkNoTrailingData) {
      // Trailing zeroes are okay, but don't allow any more data here.
      Uint8List block;

      do {
        block = await _chunkedStream.readBytes(blockSize);
        if (!block.isAllZeroes) {
          throw TarException(
              'Illegal content after the end of the tar archive.');
        }
      } while (block.length == blockSize);
      // The stream is done when we couldn't read the full block.
    }

    await cancel();
  }

  Never _unexpectedEof() {
    throw TarException.header('Unexpected end of file');
  }

  /// Reads a block with the requested [size], or throws an unexpected EoF
  /// exception.
  Future<Uint8List> _readFullBlock(int size, {bool allowEmpty = false}) async {
    final block = await _chunkedStream.readBytes(size);
    if (block.length != size && !(allowEmpty && block.isEmpty)) {
      _unexpectedEof();
    }

    return block;
  }

  /// Reads the next block header and assumes that the underlying reader
  /// is already aligned to a block boundary. It returns the raw block of the
  /// header in case further processing is required.
  ///
  /// EOF is hit when one of the following occurs:
  ///	* Exactly 0 bytes are read and EOF is hit.
  ///	* Exactly 1 block of zeros is read and EOF is hit.
  ///	* At least 2 blocks of zeros are read.
  Future<HeaderImpl?> _readHeader(Uint8List rawHeader) async {
    // Exactly 0 bytes are read and EOF is hit.
    if (rawHeader.isEmpty) return null;

    if (rawHeader.isAllZeroes) {
      rawHeader = await _chunkedStream.readBytes(blockSize);

      // Exactly 1 block of zeroes is read and EOF is hit.
      if (rawHeader.isEmpty) return null;

      if (rawHeader.isAllZeroes) {
        // Two blocks of zeros are read - Normal EOF.
        return null;
      }

      throw TarException('Encountered a non-zero block after a zero block');
    }

    return HeaderImpl.parseBlock(rawHeader, paxHeaders: _paxHeaders);
  }

  /// Creates a stream of the next entry's content
  Future<Stream<List<int>>> _handleFile(
      HeaderImpl header, Uint8List rawHeader) async {
    List<SparseEntry>? sparseData;
    if (header.typeFlag == TypeFlag.gnuSparse) {
      sparseData = await _readOldGNUSparseMap(header, rawHeader);
    } else {
      sparseData = await _readGNUSparsePAXHeaders(header);
    }

    if (sparseData != null) {
      if (header.hasContent &&
          !validateSparseEntries(sparseData, header.size)) {
        throw TarException.header('Invalid sparse file header.');
      }

      final sparseHoles = invertSparseEntries(sparseData, header.size);
      final sparseDataLength =
          sparseData.fold<int>(0, (value, element) => value + element.length);

      final streamLength = nextBlockSize(sparseDataLength);
      final safeStream =
          _publishStream(_chunkedStream.readStream(streamLength), streamLength);
      return sparseStream(safeStream, sparseHoles, header.size);
    } else {
      var size = header.size;
      if (!header.hasContent) size = 0;

      if (size < 0) {
        throw TarException.header('Invalid size ($size) detected!');
      }

      if (size == 0) {
        return _publishStream(const Stream<Never>.empty(), 0);
      } else {
        _markPaddingToSkip(size);
        return _publishStream(
            _chunkedStream.readStream(header.size), header.size);
      }
    }
  }

  /// Publishes an library-internal stream for users.
  ///
  /// This adds a check to ensure that the stream we're exposing has the
  /// expected length. It also sets the [_underlyingContentStream] field when
  /// the stream starts and resets it when it's done.
  Stream<List<int>> _publishStream(Stream<List<int>> stream, int length) {
    // There can only be one content stream at a time. This precondition is
    // checked by _prepareToReadHeaders.
    assert(_underlyingContentStream == null);
    return _underlyingContentStream = Stream.eventTransformed(stream, (sink) {
      _listenedToContentsOnce = true;

      late _OutgoingStreamGuard guard;
      return guard = _OutgoingStreamGuard(
        length,
        sink,
        // Reset state when the stream is done. This will only be called when
        // the sream is done, not when a listener cancels.
        () {
          _underlyingContentStream = null;
          if (guard.hadError) {
            cancel();
          }
        },
      );
    });
  }

  /// Skips to the next block after reading [readSize] bytes from the beginning
  /// of a previous block.
  void _markPaddingToSkip(int readSize) {
    final offsetInLastBlock = readSize.toUnsigned(blockSizeLog2);
    if (offsetInLastBlock != 0) {
      _skipNext = blockSize - offsetInLastBlock;
    }
  }

  /// Checks the PAX headers for GNU sparse headers.
  /// If they are found, then this function reads the sparse map and returns it.
  /// This assumes that 0.0 headers have already been converted to 0.1 headers
  /// by the PAX header parsing logic.
  Future<List<SparseEntry>?> _readGNUSparsePAXHeaders(HeaderImpl header) async {
    /// Identify the version of GNU headers.
    var isVersion1 = false;
    final major = _paxHeaders[paxGNUSparseMajor];
    final minor = _paxHeaders[paxGNUSparseMinor];

    final sparseMapHeader = _paxHeaders[paxGNUSparseMap];
    if (major == '0' && (minor == '0' || minor == '1') ||
        // assume 0.0 or 0.1 if no version header is set
        sparseMapHeader != null && sparseMapHeader.isNotEmpty) {
      isVersion1 = false;
    } else if (major == '1' && minor == '0') {
      isVersion1 = true;
    } else {
      // Unknown version that we don't support
      return null;
    }

    header.format |= TarFormat.pax;

    /// Update [header] from GNU sparse PAX headers.
    final possibleName = _paxHeaders[paxGNUSparseName] ?? '';
    if (possibleName.isNotEmpty) {
      header.name = possibleName;
    }

    final possibleSize =
        _paxHeaders[paxGNUSparseSize] ?? _paxHeaders[paxGNUSparseRealSize];

    if (possibleSize != null && possibleSize.isNotEmpty) {
      final size = int.tryParse(possibleSize, radix: 10);
      if (size == null) {
        throw TarException.header('Invalid PAX size ($possibleSize) detected');
      }

      header.size = size;
    }

    // Read the sparse map according to the appropriate format.
    if (isVersion1) {
      return await _readGNUSparseMap1x0();
    }

    return _readGNUSparseMap0x1(header);
  }

  /// Reads the sparse map as stored in GNU's PAX sparse format version 1.0.
  /// The format of the sparse map consists of a series of newline-terminated
  /// numeric fields. The first field is the number of entries and is always
  /// present. Following this are the entries, consisting of two fields
  /// (offset, length). This function must stop reading at the end boundary of
  /// the block containing the last newline.
  ///
  /// Note that the GNU manual says that numeric values should be encoded in
  /// octal format. However, the GNU tar utility itself outputs these values in
  /// decimal. As such, this library treats values as being encoded in decimal.
  Future<List<SparseEntry>> _readGNUSparseMap1x0() async {
    var newLineCount = 0;
    final block = Uint8Queue();

    /// Ensures that [block] h as at least [n] tokens.
    Future<void> feedTokens(int n) async {
      while (newLineCount < n) {
        final newBlock = await _chunkedStream.readBytes(blockSize);
        if (newBlock.length < blockSize) {
          throw TarException.header(
              'GNU Sparse Map does not have enough lines!');
        }

        block.addAll(newBlock);
        newLineCount += newBlock.where((byte) => byte == $lf).length;
      }
    }

    /// Get the next token delimited by a newline. This assumes that
    /// at least one newline exists in the buffer.
    String nextToken() {
      newLineCount--;
      final nextNewLineIndex = block.indexOf($lf);
      final result = block.sublist(0, nextNewLineIndex);
      block.removeRange(0, nextNewLineIndex + 1);
      return result.readString(0, nextNewLineIndex);
    }

    await feedTokens(1);

    // Parse for the number of entries.
    // Use integer overflow resistant math to check this.
    final numEntriesString = nextToken();
    final numEntries = int.tryParse(numEntriesString);
    if (numEntries == null || numEntries < 0 || 2 * numEntries < numEntries) {
      throw TarException.header(
          'Invalid sparse map number of entries: $numEntriesString!');
    }

    // Parse for all member entries.
    // [numEntries] is trusted after this since a potential attacker must have
    // committed resources proportional to what this library used.
    await feedTokens(2 * numEntries);

    final sparseData = <SparseEntry>[];

    for (var i = 0; i < numEntries; i++) {
      final offsetToken = nextToken();
      final lengthToken = nextToken();

      final offset = int.tryParse(offsetToken);
      final length = int.tryParse(lengthToken);

      if (offset == null || length == null) {
        throw TarException.header(
            'Failed to read a GNU sparse map entry. Encountered '
            'offset: $offsetToken, length: $lengthToken');
      }

      sparseData.add(SparseEntry(offset, length));
    }
    return sparseData;
  }

  /// Reads the sparse map as stored in GNU's PAX sparse format version 0.1.
  /// The sparse map is stored in the PAX headers and is stored like this:
  /// `offset₀,size₀,offset₁,size₁...`
  List<SparseEntry> _readGNUSparseMap0x1(TarHeader header) {
    // Get number of entries, check for integer overflows
    final numEntriesString = _paxHeaders[paxGNUSparseNumBlocks];
    final numEntries =
        numEntriesString != null ? int.tryParse(numEntriesString) : null;

    if (numEntries == null || numEntries < 0 || 2 * numEntries < numEntries) {
      throw TarException.header('Invalid GNU version 0.1 map');
    }

    // There should be two numbers in [sparseMap] for each entry.
    final sparseMap = _paxHeaders[paxGNUSparseMap]?.split(',');
    if (sparseMap == null) {
      throw TarException.header('Invalid GNU version 0.1 map');
    }

    if (sparseMap.length != 2 * numEntries) {
      throw TarException.header(
          'Detected sparse map length ${sparseMap.length} '
          'that is not twice the number of entries $numEntries');
    }

    /// Loop through sparse map entries.
    /// [numEntries] is now trusted.
    final sparseData = <SparseEntry>[];
    for (var i = 0; i < sparseMap.length; i += 2) {
      final offset = int.tryParse(sparseMap[i]);
      final length = int.tryParse(sparseMap[i + 1]);

      if (offset == null || length == null) {
        throw TarException.header(
            'Failed to read a GNU sparse map entry. Encountered '
            'offset: $offset, length: $length');
      }

      sparseData.add(SparseEntry(offset, length));
    }

    return sparseData;
  }

  /// Reads the sparse map from the old GNU sparse format.
  /// The sparse map is stored in the tar header if it's small enough.
  /// If it's larger than four entries, then one or more extension headers are
  /// used to store the rest of the sparse map.
  ///
  /// [TarHeader.size] does not reflect the size of any extended headers used.
  /// Thus, this function will read from the chunked stream iterator to fetch
  /// extra headers.
  ///
  /// See also: https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/html_section/tar_94.html#SEC191
  Future<List<SparseEntry>> _readOldGNUSparseMap(
      HeaderImpl header, Uint8List rawHeader) async {
    // Make sure that the input format is GNU.
    // Unfortunately, the STAR format also has a sparse header format that uses
    // the same type flag but has a completely different layout.
    if (header.format != TarFormat.gnu) {
      throw TarException.header('Tried to read sparse map of non-GNU header');
    }

    header.size = rawHeader.readNumeric(483, 12);
    final sparseMaps = <Uint8List>[];

    var sparse = rawHeader.sublistView(386, 483);
    sparseMaps.add(sparse);

    while (true) {
      final maxEntries = sparse.length ~/ 24;
      if (sparse[24 * maxEntries] > 0) {
        // If there are more entries, read an extension header and parse its
        // entries.
        sparse = await _chunkedStream.readBytes(blockSize);
        sparseMaps.add(sparse);
        continue;
      }

      break;
    }

    try {
      return _processOldGNUSparseMap(sparseMaps);
    } on FormatException {
      throw TarException('Invalid old GNU Sparse Map');
    }
  }

  /// Process [sparseMaps], which is known to be an OLD GNU v0.1 sparse map.
  ///
  /// For details, see https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/html_section/tar_94.html#SEC191
  List<SparseEntry> _processOldGNUSparseMap(List<Uint8List> sparseMaps) {
    final sparseData = <SparseEntry>[];

    for (final sparseMap in sparseMaps) {
      final maxEntries = sparseMap.length ~/ 24;
      for (var i = 0; i < maxEntries; i++) {
        // This termination condition is identical to GNU and BSD tar.
        if (sparseMap[i * 24] == 0) {
          // Don't return, need to process extended headers (even if empty)
          break;
        }

        final offset = sparseMap.readNumeric(i * 24, 12);
        final length = sparseMap.readNumeric(i * 24 + 12, 12);

        sparseData.add(SparseEntry(offset, length));
      }
    }
    return sparseData;
  }
}

@internal
class PaxHeaders extends UnmodifiableMapBase<String, String> {
  final Map<String, String> _globalHeaders = {};
  Map<String, String> _localHeaders = {};

  /// Applies new global PAX-headers from the map.
  ///
  /// The [headers] will replace global headers with the same key, but leave
  /// others intact.
  void newGlobals(Map<String, String> headers) {
    _globalHeaders.addAll(headers);
  }

  void addLocal(String key, String value) => _localHeaders[key] = value;

  void removeLocal(String key) => _localHeaders.remove(key);

  /// Applies new local PAX-headers from the map.
  ///
  /// This replaces all currently active local headers.
  void newLocals(Map<String, String> headers) {
    _localHeaders = headers;
  }

  /// Clears local headers.
  ///
  /// This is used by the reader after a file has ended, as local headers only
  /// apply to the next entry.
  void clearLocals() {
    _localHeaders = {};
  }

  @override
  String? operator [](Object? key) {
    return _localHeaders[key] ?? _globalHeaders[key];
  }

  @override
  Iterable<String> get keys => {..._globalHeaders.keys, ..._localHeaders.keys};

  /// Decodes the content of an extended pax header entry.
  ///
  /// Semantically, a [PAX Header][posix pax] is a map with string keys and
  /// values, where both keys and values are encodes with utf8.
  ///
  /// However, [old GNU Versions][gnu sparse00] used to repeat keys to store
  /// sparse file information in sparse headers. This method will transparently
  /// rewrite the PAX format of version 0.0 to version 0.1.
  ///
  /// [posix pax]: https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/pax.html#tag_20_92_13_03
  /// [gnu sparse00]: https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/html_section/tar_94.html#SEC192
  void readPaxHeaders(List<int> data, bool isGlobal,
      {bool ignoreUnknown = true}) {
    var offset = 0;
    final map = <String, String>{};
    final sparseMap = <String>[];

    Never error() => throw TarException.header('Invalid PAX record');

    while (offset < data.length) {
      // At the start of an entry, expect its length which is terminated by a
      // space char.
      final space = data.indexOf($space, offset);
      if (space == -1) break;

      var length = 0;
      var currentChar = data[offset];
      var charsInLength = 0;
      while (currentChar >= $0 && currentChar <= $9) {
        length = length * 10 + currentChar - $0;
        charsInLength++;
        currentChar = data[++offset];
      }

      if (length == 0) {
        error();
      }

      // Skip the whitespace
      if (currentChar != $space) {
        error();
      }
      offset++;

      // Length also includes the length description and a space we just read
      final endOfEntry = offset + length - 1 - charsInLength;
      // checking against endOfEntry - 1 because the trailing whitespace is
      // optional for the last entry
      if (endOfEntry < offset || endOfEntry - 1 > data.length) {
        error();
      }

      // Read the key
      final nextEquals = data.indexOf($equal, offset);
      if (nextEquals == -1 || nextEquals >= endOfEntry) {
        error();
      }

      final key = utf8.decoder.convert(data, offset, nextEquals);
      // Skip over the equals sign
      offset = nextEquals + 1;

      // Subtract one for trailing newline
      final endOfValue = endOfEntry - 1;
      final value = utf8.decoder.convert(data, offset, endOfValue);

      if (!_isValidPaxRecord(key, value)) {
        error();
      }

      // If we're seeing weird PAX Version 0.0 sparse keys, expect alternating
      // GNU.sparse.offset and GNU.sparse.numbytes headers.
      if (key == paxGNUSparseNumBytes || key == paxGNUSparseOffset) {
        if ((sparseMap.length % 2 == 0 && key != paxGNUSparseOffset) ||
            (sparseMap.length % 2 == 1 && key != paxGNUSparseNumBytes) ||
            value.contains(',')) {
          error();
        }

        sparseMap.add(value);
      } else if (!ignoreUnknown || supportedPaxHeaders.contains(key)) {
        // Ignore unrecognized headers to avoid unbounded growth of the global
        // header map.
        map[key] = value;
      }

      // Skip over value
      offset = endOfValue;
      // and the trailing newline
      final hasNewline = offset < data.length;
      if (hasNewline && data[offset] != $lf) {
        throw TarException('Invalid PAX Record (missing trailing newline)');
      }
      offset++;
    }

    if (sparseMap.isNotEmpty) {
      map[paxGNUSparseMap] = sparseMap.join(',');
    }

    if (isGlobal) {
      newGlobals(map);
    } else {
      newLocals(map);
    }
  }

  /// Checks whether [key], [value] is a valid entry in a pax header.
  ///
  /// This is adopted from the Golang tar reader (`validPAXRecord`), which says
  /// that "Keys and values should be UTF-8, but the number of bad writers out
  /// there forces us to be a more liberal."
  static bool _isValidPaxRecord(String key, String value) {
    // These limitations are documented in the PAX standard.
    if (key.isEmpty || key.contains('=')) return false;

    // These aren't, but Golangs's tar has them and got away with it.
    switch (key) {
      case paxPath:
      case paxLinkpath:
      case paxUname:
      case paxGname:
        return !value.codeUnits.contains(0);
      default:
        return !key.codeUnits.contains(0);
    }
  }
}

/// Event-sink tracking the length of emitted tar entry streams.
///
/// [ChunkedStreamReader.readStream] might return a stream shorter than
/// expected. That indicates an invalid tar file though, since the correct size
/// is stored in the header.
class _OutgoingStreamGuard extends EventSink<List<int>> {
  final int expectedSize;
  final EventSink<List<int>> out;
  void Function() onDone;

  int emittedSize = 0;
  bool hadError = false;

  _OutgoingStreamGuard(this.expectedSize, this.out, this.onDone);

  @override
  void add(List<int> event) {
    emittedSize += event.length;
    // We have checks limiting the length of outgoing streams. If the stream is
    // larger than expected, that's a bug in pkg:tar.
    assert(
        emittedSize <= expectedSize,
        'Stream now emitted $emittedSize bytes, but only expected '
        '$expectedSize');

    out.add(event);
  }

  @override
  void addError(Object error, [StackTrace? stackTrace]) {
    hadError = true;
    out.addError(error, stackTrace);
  }

  @override
  void close() {
    onDone();

    // If the stream stopped after an error, the user is already aware that
    // something is wrong.
    if (emittedSize < expectedSize && !hadError) {
      out.addError(
          TarException('Unexpected end of tar file'), StackTrace.current);
    }

    out.close();
  }
}